>@ `  0 @@@ @@@@3 ;Ml EN DB`   . 7G1 rj_  X    ) ]/ 'OV* Heck19888z Leonard1994B Leonard1996_ Leonard1996 Lessa1990Lidicker1996 Lindsey1939 Lindsey1941Linsdale1943Linsdale1946Linsdale1946 Linsdale1947!Linsdale1947"Linsdale1949#Linsdale1950$Linsdale1951%Linsdale1953&Linsdale1955'Linsdale1956(Linsdale1956)Linsdale1957*Linsdale1957K Losch1987` Machame1965MacMahon1983+MacRoberts1970,MacRoberts1972,MacRoberts1972-MacRoberts1974.MacRoberts1974 MacRoberts1975/MacRoberts1976/MacRoberts1976 Mahall19833! Mahall1991i0 Marchessault19911 Marks1999J Marten19852 Matsuda19863 Matsuda19874 Matsuda1989 Matthes-Sears1985 Matthes-Sears19865 Matthes-Sears19866 Matthes-Sears19867 Matthes-Sears19868 Matthes-Sears1987K Matthes-Sears19872 McBride19863 McBride19874 McBride1989` McCulloch1990McCullough19999McIntosh1941 Meixner1999:Michener1941;Michener1947< Miller1956~= Miller1972~> Monk1997? Moore1986 Morton19800 Muick1990@ Muick1991] Muick1991 Mumme1982 Mumme1982 Mumme1983A Mumme1983B Mumme1983C Mumme1983D Mumme1983 Mumme1984 Mumme1985J Mumme1985E Mumme1986# Mumme1987 Mumme1987 Mumme1987 Mumme1988F Mumme1988G Mumme1989 Mumme1990H Mumme1990 Mumme1991 Mumme1991I Mumme1991 Mumme1992 Mumme1994 Mumme1994.9 Mumme1995 Mumme1995 Mumme1996 Myers1973N. Torrex-Martinez1995!Nadkarni1991\ Nash1985e Nash1986e5 Nash1986e7 Nash1986eK Nash1987'8 Nash1987eL Nash1988'N Nash1990'M Nash1990' Nash19909 Nash19909 Nash19911{ Nash19933} Nash19944 Nash19966 Nash199796Nash III1986O Naveh1979P Neal1994 Nelson19811Newstrom1992yNewstrom-Lloyd1998Q Parker1999~V Patterson1990\ Patton1977W Patton1981Y Patton1981Z Patton1981X Patton1984: Patton1986; Patton1990V Patton19909[ Patton1990] Pavlik1991^ Philip1981 Pitelka1979 Pitelka1981 Pitelka1982 Pitelka1983B Pitelka1983C Pitelka1983D Pitelka1983 Pitelka1984 Pitelka1985 Pitelka1987 Pitelka1988F Pitelka1988H Pitelka1990 Pitelka1992\ Pitelka1995 Pitelka1995^ Pitelka1996_ Plumb1991] Popper19911 R.20002aRabenold19922` Rafyi1965GRatnieks1989a Ray1957N Reiner19909Reynolds1987bReynolds1990Reynolds1992cReynolds1995eReynolds1997f Ribble1990g Ribble1991h Ribble1992i Ribble1992j Rice1991kRichardson1999Richardson1999l Riser1956m Risling1999yRizzardi1998dnRoberson1985oRobinson1971p Root1966q Root1967r Root1969s Root1969t Root1986Rosenblatt1997u Ross1941v Ross1947R Rothstein2000 Royalty1995Royalty.1994w Rundel1974fSalvioni1990xSanjayan1996ySanjayan1996z Sawyer1977 Schlesinger1991{ Schlesinger1993 Schlesinger1996| Schoen1983} Shaffer1993 Shaffer1994 Shaffer2000 Shcmidt1992~Shelford1963ZSherwood1981 Short1971]Smit-Kraaijeveld2000 Smith1979 Smith1981 Smith1984[ Smith1990 Soltz1986 Song1995 Spon19878 Spray1975 Stacey1984 Stacey1990~ Stacey1990 Stacey1991 Stacey1995~Stanback1989Stanback1990Stanback1991Stanback1991Stanback1991Stanback1991Stanback1992Stanback1992Stanback1994Stanback1994Stanback1994.\Stanback19955Stanback1995Stanback1995Stanback1996Stanback1998Stanback1999Stanback1999Stanback1999Stanback2000Stanback2001Stanback2001} Stanley1993Stebbins1946Stendell1973 Steward1940` Stiller1965 Stone1992 Stromberg1989 Stromberg1990 Stromberg1990P Stromberg1994 Stromberg1994 Stromberg1996 Stromberg1996 Stromberg1997d Stromberg2000 Sugg1997t Sumner1943 T.1994r Teferi19999 Telfer1995 Teusch1999$ Tevis1951( Tevis1956Theather1994 Thoenes1992Thompson1968Thompson1976 Thomson1983zThornburgh1977y Thorp1998 Thorp1999 Thorpe1992 Thorpe19977% Tomich19535 Trenham2000R Trost2000Valencia1946Valencia1946VanVuren1996 Vaughn19991 Verbeek1971P Verbeek1972 Verbeek1972 Verbeek1973 Verbeek1975 Verbeek1975 Voge1946 Voge1948 Voge1952 Voge1953 Voge1955 Voge1955? Voge19577 Vogl1977s Waage1997 Walters1999Weathers1990bWeathers19999j Welker19919 White1939 White1966 White1966 White1967 White1977 White1999O Whittaker1979QWilliams1957RWilliams1964Williams1979Williams1979OWilliams1980Williams1980Williams1980Williams1980Williams1980Williams1980Williams1981Williams1981Williams1981Williams1990HmWilliams1999 Wolf1997 Wolf19999Q Wordern1999\ Yang19777Z Yang19811y Zegers19969J Zink198589969J Zink19858Zink19858alysis of genetic variation and parentage in a California population of acorn woodpeckers.analysis of genetic variation and parentage in a California population of acorn woodpeckers.rs.srs.srs.srs.srs.s.stelka1995^ Pitelka1996a Rabenold.1992. 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M. H. Koenig, W. D. 1994`YWater use strategies of five sympatric species of Quercus in central coastal California. hMadrono Madrono 41 290-301. h6/Knops, J. M. H. Griffin, J. R. Royalty, A. C. 1995jdIntroduced and native plants of the Hastings reservation, central coastal California: a comparison. Biological Conservation Biological Conservation 71115-123.$Knops, J. M. H. J. F. Barthell1996tnFlower abundance in a population of sky lupine (Lupinus nanus) over three years in central coastal California.Madronot43 85-92Madrono2,Knops, J. M. H. T. H. Nash W. H. Schlesinger1996TNThe influence of epiphytic lichens on the nutrient cycling of an oak woodland.Ecological Monographs66159-179Ecological Monographs"Knops, J. M. H. W. D. Koenig1997ySite fertility and leaf nutrients of sympatric evergreen and deciduous species of Quercus in central coastal California. l Plant Ecologyg Plant Ecology01305121-131..'Knops, J. M. H. W. D. Koenig T. H. Nash 1997^XOn the relationship between nutrient use efficiency and fertility in forest ecosystems. Oecologia Oecologia 110g 550-556. l$Koenig, W. D. Pitelka, F. A. 1979f_Relatedness and inbreeding avoidance: counterploys in the communally nesting acorn woodpecker. ScienceSciencec206e1103-1105.&Koenig, W. D. Williams, P. L. .1979D=Notes on the status of acorn woodpeckers in central Mexico. sCondor eCondor s81317-318.  Koenig, W. D.  1980 LFVariation and age determination in a population of acorn woodpeckers. J. Field Ornithol. cJ. Field Ornithol. h5110-16.  Koenig, W. D.b 1980 .0)The determination of runt eggs in birds. f Wilson Bull.  Wilson Bull. o92103-107. Koenig, W. D.p 1980 .2+The incidence of runt eggs in woodpeckers.  Wilson Bull.  Wilson Bull. 92169-176. Koenig, W. D.t 1980 zVOAcorn storage by acorn woodpeckers in an oak woodland: an energetics analysis. lPlumb, Tech. Coord.o>8Ecology, management, and utilization of California oaks 265-269o .'USDA For. Serv. Gen Tech. Rep. PSW-44. $Koenig, W. D. Pitelka, F. A. 1981^XEcological factors and kin selection in the evolution of cooperative breeding in birds. NGNatural selection and social behavior: recent research and new theory.0.(Alexander, R. D. and Tinkle, D. W. eds.  Chiron Press Newton, Mass.  261-280.  Koenig, W. D.1981jdReproductive success, group size, and the evolution of cooperative breeding in the acorn woodpecker.American Naturalist117421-443.Amer. Nat. Koenig, W. D.t 1981 a\USpace competition in the acorn woodpecker: power struggles in a cooperative breeder. 9 Anim. Behav. r Anim. Behav. c29 n 396-409. a"Koenig, W. D. Mumme, R. L. 1982D=34th Winter bird population study: Deciduous oak woodland. . Amer. Birds  Amer. Birds 36 33-34. Koenig, W. D.c 1982 bHBEcological and social factors affecting hatchability of eggs. Auk 99 e 526-536. 2+Koenig, W. D. Mumme, R. L. Pitelka, F. A. D1983@9Female roles in cooperative breeding acorn woodpeckers. t,&Social behavior of female vertebratesWasser, S. K. ed Academic Press New York 235-261. 2+Koenig, W. D. Mumme, R. L. Pitelka, F. A. e1984RKThe breeding system of the acorn woodpecker in central coastal California. iZ. TierpsycholZ. Tierpsychol65289-308.$Koenig, W. D. Albano, S. S. s1985xqPatterns of territoriality and mating success in the white-tailed skimmer Plathemis lydia (Odonata: Anisoptera). rAmer. Mid. Nat. Amer. Mid. Nat. 114i 1-12.v Koenig, W. D.i 1985 lVODunking of prey by Brewer's blackbirds: a novel source of water for nestlings. Condor iCondor v87 444-445. b"Koenig, W. D. Albano, S. S.1986.(On the measurement of sexual selection.  Amer. Nat. a Amer. Nat. .127o403-409. Koenig, W. D.e 1986 iTMGeographical ecology of clutch size variation in North American woodpeckers. .Condor rCondor r88 499-504. ."Koenig, W. D. Albano, S. S. 1987Lifetime reproductive success, selection, and the opportunity for selection in the white-tailed skimmer Plathemis lydia (Odonata: Libellulidae). Evolution Evolution 4122-36. .$Koenig, W. D. Albano, S. S. 1987VOBreeding site fidelity in Plathemis lydia (Drury) (Anisoptera: Libellulidae). Odonatologica Odonatologica 16 249-259. "Koenig, W. D. Mumme, R. L. 1987JCPopulation ecology of the cooperatively breeding acorn woodpecker. nPrinceton Univ. Press Princeton Univ. Press435. a&Koenig, W. D. Reynolds, M. D. 1987F?Potential poisoning of yellow-billed magpies by compound 1080. cWildl. Soc. Bull.cWildl. Soc. Bull.f15 274-276. n Koenig, W. D.e 1987 ZSMorphological and dietary correlates of clutch size in North American woodpeckers. Auk Auk 104e 759-765. e"Koenig, W. D. Albano, S. S.  1987 .Lifetime reproductive success, selection, and the opportunity for selection in the white-tailed skimmer Plathemis lydia (Odonata: Libellulidae).rEvolution Evolution 4122-36. @:Koenig, W. D. Hannon, S. J. Mumme, R. L. Pitelka, F. A.198882Parent-offspring conflict in the acorn woodpecker.*$Proc. 19th Int. Ornith. Cong. (1986)11221-1230.*$Proc. 19th Int. Ornith. Cong. (1986)"Koenig, W. D. Heck, M. K. ,1988JCAbility of two species of oak woodland birds to subsist on acorns. hCondor lCondor o90 705-708. v Koenig, W. D.e 1988 t60La reproduction communautaire chez les oiseaux. La Recherche 19gLa Recherche 19 302-308. a Koenig, W. D.n 1988 zHAOn determination of viable population size in birds and mammals. tWildl. Soc. Bull. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 16 230-234. jvBJ Koenig, W. D.9 1988 o"Reciprocal altruism in birdsEthol. Sociobiol. 9 Ethol. Sociobiol. 9." a critical review. 73-84. Koenig, W. D.. 1988 o60Internal migration in contemporary United States Human Biol.  Human Biol. 60D> comparison of measures and partitioning of stages. 927-944. Koenig, W. D.  1989 y>8Sex-biased dispersal in the contemporary United States. Ethol. Sociobiol. Ethol. Sociobiol. 10 263-278."Koenig, W. D. Mumme, R. L. 1990NHLevels of analysis and the functional significance of helping behavior. f`Interpretation and Explanation in the Study of Behavior: Explanation, Evolution, and Adaptation.& Bekoff, M. and Jamieson, D. eds. Westview Press Boulder, Coloradom2268-303."Koenig, W. D. Stacey, P. B. 1990b[Acorn woodpeckers: group-living and food storage under contrasting ecological conditions. sNHCooperative breeding in birds: long-term studies of ecology and behavior*$Stacey, P. B. and Koenig, W. D. eds. Cambridge Univ. Pressd  Cambridgei413-453. Koenig, W. D.l 1990 aXQTerritory size and duration in the white-tailed skimmer Plathemis lydia (OdonataJ. Anim. Ecol. 6J. Anim. Ecol. a59  Libellulidae). 317-334.k Koenig, W. D.  1990 ehbDispersal, effective population size and the genetic structure of the contemporary United States. Amer. J. Human Biol. Amer. J. Human Biol. )23 165-170. - Koenig, W. D.d 1990 itmOpportunity of parentage and nest destruction in polygynandrous acorn woodpeckers, Melanerpes formicivorus.  Behav. Ecol  Behav. Ecol 1) 55-61. Koenig, W. D.c 1990 ..(Oaks, acorns, and the acorn woodpecker. Fremontia Fremontia 18 77-79. Koenig, W. D.  1990 ehbTerritory size and duration in the white-tailed skimmer Plathemis lydia (Odonata: Libellulidae). "Journal of Animal Ecology "Journal of Animal Ecology .59 317-334.S4.Koenig, W. D. Albano, S. S. Dickinson, J. L. 1991A comparison of methods to partition selection acting via components or fitness or do larger male bullfrogs have greater hatching success?J. Evol. Biol. J. Evol. Biol. .4 309-320.@9Koenig, W. D. Carmen, W. J. Stanback, M. T. Mumme, R. L.1991piDeterminants of acorn productivity among five species of oaks in central coastal California. Pp. 136-142.$Standiford, R. B.,tech coord.VPProceedings of the symposium on oak woodlands and hardwood rangeland management. 2+U.S. Forest Service Gen. Tech Rep. PSW-126.136-142@9Koenig, W. D. Stanback, M. T. Hooge, P. N. Mumme, R. L.1991,&Distress calls in the acorn woodpecker Condor93637-643. Condor Koenig, W. D.1991>7Food Hoarding in Animals, by S. B. Vander Wall (Review)&Journal of Evolutionary Biology4690.&Journal of Evolutionary Biology  Koenig, W. D.n 1991 iVOThe effects of tannins and lipids on digestion of acorns by acorn woodpeckers. aAuk Auk 108e79-88.  Koenig, W. D.d 1991 hThe acorn woodpecker.  86-87 Oaks of California4-B. M. Pavlik P. C. Muick S. Johnson M. Poppern  Cachuma Pressh Los Olivos, CA.a Koenig, W. D.t 1991 id^Levels of female choice in the white-tailed skimmer Plethemis lydia (Odonata: Libellulidae).  Behavior n Behavior a119193-224. Koenig, W. D.A19924.Animals on Earth (Ashai Encyclopedia, weekly) 29137-139.6/Koenig, W. D. Gowaty, P. A. Dickinson, J. L. e1992hbBoxes, barns, and bridges: confounding factor or exceptional opportunities in ecological studies?  Oikos  Oikos 63 305-308. hPIKoenig, W. D. Pitelka, F. A. Carmen, W. J. Mumme, R. L. Stanback, M. T.1992B;The evolution of delayed dispersal in cooperative breeders."Quarterly Review of Biology67111-150."Quarterly Review of Biology Koenig, W. D.r 1993 Acorn Woodpecker. Shuford, W. D. dhbThe Marin County Breeding Bird Atlas: a distributional and natural history of coastal California.  Bushtit Books Bolinas, California.@9Koenig, W. D. Mumme, R. L. Carmen, W. J. Stanback, M. T.1994`YAcorn production by oaks in central coastal California: variation within and among years.nEcology7599-109.Ecology Koenig, W. D.1994HAThe Ostrich Communal Breeding System. by B.C.R. Bertram (Review). Condor95762-763. Condor Koenig, W. D.1994`ZThe natural history of inbreeding and outbreeding: Theoretical and empirical perspectives.$Journal of Wildlife Management58797-798.$Journal of Wildlife Management Koenig, W. D.l 1994 nd]Two new bird-mammal associations from Kenya, with comments on host use by Wattled Starlings. yOstrich Ostrich 65337-338. Adams1965 Adams1965 Adams1967[ Akre1998 Albano1985~ Albano1986~ Albano1987~ Albano1987~ Albano1987 Albano1991~ Aldon1989 Alexander1951 Alexander1967  Ammann1999~0Anderson19688 Andreae1999 Anonymous1994 Armstrong1977 Ascher19959 Baker1949J Baldridge1980Baptista1982 Barry1972  Barry1994Barthell1992Barthell1996 Barthell1997Barthell1997yBarthell1998d Barthell1999 Bartlett1967 Bern19659 Bigieri1965Birkhead1991Birkhead1992kBirkhead1992n Blackburn1968= Bock19727 Bolen1977k Bolen1999R Bolen2000 Bonar1946 Bond1942 Bonham19899 Boucher1990 Boucher1990M Boucher1990 Boucher1991 Boucher1992Bradford1974Bradford1975Bradford1976 Brady1989mBransfield1978 Brennan1952 Brennan1952 Brennan1954 Bromberger1999 Brown1964 Burke1999 Caldwell1984!Callaway1991"Callaway1992# Carmen1987 Carmen1991~ Carmen19922 Carmen1994~ Carmen1994. Carmen1996~ Carmen1999~ Carmen19991^ Casper1981$ Cazier1938% Cazier1940'Chamberlin1940(Chamberlin1941)Chamberlin1941*Chamberlin1941+Chamberlin1947,Chamberlin1947&Chamberlin1952.Chandler1945/Chandler1946-Chandler19640 Chaniotis1968a Chisaki1957Clarkson1992 Cole197771 Cornell19832 Cornell19843 Cornell19854 Cornell19855 Cornell19866 Covas1948U Critchfield1972x Crooks19969y Crooks19969: Daly19867 Daly1988; Daly1990z Daly199098 Daly19919 Daly1991 Daly1999r< Davis1952 Davis1953' Davis1956? Davis1957@ Davis1957A Davis1957Q Davis1957B Davis1958K Davis1959K Davis1959C Davis1960D Davis1961L Davis1963L Davis1963R Davis1964E Davis1965= Davis1967F Davis1967G Davis1967H Davis1967 Davis1967> Davis1969P Davis1972S Davis1973S Davis1973S Davis1973I Davis1980J Davis1980O Davis1980N Davis1983 Davis1995N Demmig-Adama1990A deQueiroz1983E deQueiroz1986` Dickinson1990 Dickinson1991T Dickinson1992 Dickinson1992a Dickinson1992 Dickinson1994U Dickinson1994V Dickinson1994W Dickinson1994\ Dickinson1995^ Dickinson1996_ Dickinson1996 Dickinson1996 Dickinson1996X Dickinson1996Y Dickinson1997Z Dickinson1997[ Dickinson1998b Dickinson19991 Dickinson1999Q Dickinson1999] Dickinson2000S Dickinson2001T Dickinson2001c Dixon1960d Dixon1962e Dixon1969f Dobson1979g Dobson1981h Dobson1982 Dondero1981i Dougherty1946jEichholz1992 Emmons1981~kEnggist-Dublin1992l Epling1947m Ewald19780 Ewald1991 Faeth1998Y Feder1981n Ferris1942r Fiedler1945o Fiedler1985p Fiedler1986q Fiedler1987s Fincke1997} Fisher19933t Fisler1962u Fisler1962L Fisler1963v Fisler1966w Fisler1967y Foran1996N Ford19833x Francis1970 Frankie1992 Frankie1997y Frankie1998z Gambino19909 Gambino1991 Gates1967{ Gilkey1947| Gilkey1954 Glickman1984j Gordon1991 Gordon19929 Gowaty1992~MGrebauer1990} Gries1994~ Griffin1971U Griffin1972 Griffin1973 Griffin1973 Griffin1974 Griffin1976 Griffin1977z Griffin1977 Griffin1980 Griffin1987 Griffin1988 Griffin1990 Griffin1993 Griffin1993 Griffin1993 Griffin1993 Griffin1994 Griffin1995 Griffin1996Griswold1992Griswold1997yGriswold1998d Gubernick1996 Gubernick1999 Gutirrez1978 Gutirrez1980_ Hannah1991 Hannan1980 Hannon1985 Hannon1987 Hannon1988~jHardison1991 Harradine1941Harrison1995t\ Haydock1995 Haydock1998 Haydock1999 Haydock19991 Haydock1999Q Haydock1999 Haydock2000 Haydock2001 Haydock2001 Haydock2001 Heck19888XS | f2001leNestling sex ratio variation in the cooperatively breeding acorn woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus)d357-365LFWe examined sex ratio variation in the cooperatively breeding acorn woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus) over a 27-year period in central coastal California. The sex ratio of eggs is even or possibly biased toward females. However, hatching asynchrony and brood reduction differentially favor the slightly larger males such that the sex ratio when young become self-sufficient is 54.0% males, slightly but significantly different from 50:50. This bias, or at least the differential mortality that produces it, does not appear to be explainable by any of the major hypotheses for an overall sex bias. These include the repayment model, local resource competition, and sexual size dimorphism, all of which predict a female bias or a male bias significantly smaller than that observed. On an individual level, we found no evidence for facultative sex ratio manipulation related to annual differences in the acorn crop, apparent seasonal declines in food availability, or differences in territory quality. We also found no evidence for a non-binomial distribution of sexes within broods despite the potential fitness benefits of creating large coalitions of same-sexed siblings. Males inherit their natal territories more frequently than do females, and we speculate that birds may invest more in sons either to increase the probability that they will be able to pass along their territory to their descendants or to facilitate their sons' ability to compete as future cobreeders. Alternatively, acorn woodpeckers may be unable to fully compensate for the ancillary bias caused by differential juvenile survivorship, leading to unequal investment in the sexes contrary to the prediction of Fisher. Opposite to what has been found in other birds and mammals, the faster growth and larger size of male nestlings appears to confer a survival benefit rather than a cost.TMPiciformes (Behavioral Biology--General and Comparative Behavior) (Behavioral Biology--Animal Behavior) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--General; Methods) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) Birds Cooperative Breeding Local Resource Competition Natal Territory Repayment Model Sex Ratio Variation Sexual Size Dimorphism SurvivalRLKoenig, Walter D. Stanback, Mark T. Haydock, Joseph Kraaijeveld-Smit, Femmie*#Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiologys495Hastings Reservation and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, 38601 E. Carmel Valley Road, Carmel Valley, CA, 93924: wicker@uclink4.berkeley.edu Access restricted.http://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00265/bibs/1049005/10490357.htm http://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00265/papers/1049005/10490357.pdf http://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00265/index.htmu2001NGSeed-crop size and eruptions of North American boreal seed-eating birds609-620s 1. Eruptions occur when a species appears in unusually high densities within and often outside of its normal range. We used 30 years of Christmas Bird Counts combined with cone/seed-crop data on boreal coniferous trees, breeding bird surveys, and weather records to test correlates of winter eruptions by 11 species of primarily boreal North American seed-eating birds. 2. Eruptions of six species in eastern (red-breasted nuthatch Sitta canadensis L., black-capped chickadee Parus atricapillus L., evening grosbeak Hesperiphona vespertina Cooper, pine grosbeak Pinicola enucleator L., red crossbill Loxia curvirostra L. and bohemian waxwing Bombycilla garrulus L.) and five species in western North America (pine grosbeak, pine siskin Carduelis pinus Wilson, evening grosbeak, bohemian waxwing and red-breasted nuthatch) correlated with a combination of large coniferous seed crops in the previous year followed by a poor crop. Breeding population size in the year of the eruption was also correlated positively with the event in two of the species. Eruptions in these species apparently occur When large boreal seed crops resulting in high population densities (via high overwinter survivorship and/or high reproductive success) are confronted with a relatively poor seed crop the next autumn. 3. Eruptions of common redpolls Carduelis flammea L. and black-capped chickadees in the west followed only large seed crops the previous year, suggesting that high density is a more important factor leading to eruptions than seed crop failure. The opposite was true for white-winged crossbills (Loxia leucoptera Gmelin) in the east, where eruptions correlated only with poor current year seed crops. This was the only species supporting the 'seed-crop failure' hypothesis as the sole cause of eruptions. 4. Purple finches Carpodacus purpureus Gmelin erupted following years when breeding population densities were high for reasons apparently unrelated to the seed crop. Eruptions of three species in both regions were uncorrelated with any of the variables tested. 5. We conclude that seed crops of boreal trees play a pivotal role in causing eruptions for a majority of boreal species, usually through a combination of a large seed crop resulting in high population densities followed by a poor seed crop rather than seed-crop failure alone. Weather conditions were not a significant factor correlating with eruptions in any of the species.tPasseriformes (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Public Health--General and Miscellaneous) Birds Boreal Coniferous Forests: Habitat Population Density Population Eruptions Population Synchrony Seed-Crop Size Spatial Autocorrelation.'Koenig, Walter D. Knops, Johannes M. H.7 Journal of Animal Ecologyn704PzHastings Reservation, 38601 E. Carmel Valley Rd., Carmel Valley, CA, 93924: wicker@uclink4.berkeley.edu Access restricted.http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/journals/rd.asp?code=jae&vol=70&page=609&goto=abstract http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/Journals/member/institutions/issuelist.asp?journal=jaen& Kraaijeveld, K. Dickinson, J. L.2001jdFamily-based winter territoriality in western bluebirds: the structure and dynamics of winter groupsAnimal Behaviour61109-117*$Kraaijeveld-Smit, F. Koenig, W. D. 1998& Groepsgedrag van de Eikelspecht. Natura Natura5a 140-141. s Kuhn, U. Kesselmeier, J. a1996d^Lichens involved in the exchange of carbonyl sulfide between the biosphere and the atmosphere.,%Proceedings of EUROTRAC Symposium '96dPJBorrell, P. M., Borrell, P. , Cvitas, T., Kelly, K., and W. Seiler.(eds.) *$Computational Mechanics Publications  Southhampton 189-196. snml8kjihgfecba`_x^.(Philip, R. N. Lane, R. S. Casper, E. A.1981\VSerotypes of tick-borne spotted fever group rickettsiae from western California. Amer. J. Trop. Med Hyg.30722-727Plumb, T. R. Hannah, B.1991PIArtificial regeneration of blue and coast live oaks in the central coast.Standiford, R. B.tmProceedings of the symposium on oak woodlands and hardwood rangeland management. October 31-November 2, 1990., Davis, California. U. S. Forest Service4-Gen. Tech Rep. PSW-126. Berkeley, CA. 376 pp.t 59-80("Rafyi, A. Stiller, D. Machame, G.1965ngSome observations on Orhithodoros parkeri from Monterey County and its associated Borrelia infection.(!Bull. Soc. de Pathologie Exotique586 1157-1169 Ray, P. M. Chisaki, H. F.1957NGStudies on Amsinckia . III. Aneuploid diversification in the Muricatae."American Journal of Botany 44545-554Reynolds, M. D.1990TMThe ecology of spacing behavior in the yellow-billed magpie (Pica nuttallii).D"Museum of Vertebrate Zoology  Berkeley, CA University of California172Doctoral DisserationReynolds, M. D.1995,%Yellow-billed Magpie (Pica nuttalli).Poole,A. Gill, F.tBirds of North America Philadelphia, PA Birds of North America180$Reynolds, M. D. Koenig, W. D.1997ZReproductive success of Yellow-billed magpies Pica nuttalli in central coastal California. . ; Acta Ornithologica32 99-109 Ribble, D. O. Salvioni, M.1990[Social organization and nest co-occupancy in Peromyscus californicus , a monogamous rodent. - D Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol..269-15 Ribble, D. O.1991b[The monogamous mating system of Peromyscus californicus as revealed by DNA fingerprinting.Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.29161-166S Ribble, D. O.1992HBDispersal in a monogamous rodent, Peromyscus californicus EcologyEcology733859-866 Ribble, D. O.1992jcLifetime reproductive success and its correlates in the monogamous rodent, Peromyscus californicus. J. Animal Ecology 61457-468>8Rice, K. J. Gordon, D. R. Hardison, J. L. Welker, J. M.1991YIntraspecific phenotypic variation and ecological genetics of blue oak Quercus douglasii. G ,X Standiford, R. B.rlProceedings of the symposium on oak woodlands and hardwood rangeland management October 31-November 2, 1990.  Davis, CA U. S. Forest Service6/Gen. Tech Rep. PSW-126. Berkeley, CA, Pp. 59-63r376p$Richardson, D. S. Bolen, G. M.1999A nesting association between semi-colonial Bullock's orioles and yellow-billed magpies: Evidence for the predator protection hypothesis.*#Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiologyp466h373-3801999HAExtra-pair paternity in relation to male age in Bullock's orioles  2115-2126 :4Single-locus minisatellite DNA profiling was used to assign paternity in a population of Bullock's orioles, Icterus galbula bullockii, and to determine the contribution of age to a male's success in obtaining extra-pair paternity. There was a very low rate of intraspecific brood parasitism (2/202 = 1.0% of chicks). Older adult males lost less within-pair paternity and gained more extra-pair fertilizations than did yearling subadult males. This resulted in adult males benefiting from an annual reproductive success more than double that of subadult males. Behavioural observations, used to determine the role of female choice in extra-pair copulations (EPCs), indicated that females actively participate in EPCs and that they prefer to obtain them from older males. While it was possible that females obtained EPCs as an insurance against the possible infertility of their social mate, the results of this study fit best with the hypothesis that females were attempting to obtain better-quality genes for their offspring by obtaining EPCs with older, better-quality males.,&Passeriformes (Chordata, General and Systematic Zoology--Aves) (Behavioral Biology--Animal Behavior) (Reproductive System--General; Methods) Birds Age Extra-Pair Copulation Extra-Pair Fertilization Extra-Pair Paternity Female Choice Intraspecific Brood Parasitism Paternity Reproductive Success"Richardson, D. S. Burke, T.Molecular Ecology812ngDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN Access restricted.http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/journals/rd.asp?code=mec&vol=8&page=2115&goto=abstract http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/Journals/member/institutions/issuelist.asp?journal=mec; Riser, N. W.1956@:The hooks of taenioid cestodes from North American felids.Amer. Mid. Nat.56133-137&Risling, J. D. Williams, P. L.1999,%Bullocks Oriole (Icterus bullockii).Poole, A. Gill, F.Birds of North America Philadelphia, PA "Birds of North America, Inc.416 Roberson, D.1985VPMonterey birds, status and distribution of birds in Monterey County, California.  Monterey, CA *#Monterey Peninsula Audubon Society.P266, J. M. H. Nash, T. H.1993HAArboreal sprint failure: lizardfall in a California oak woodland.Ecology74246-2467 Schoen, D. J.1983`ZRelative fitness of selfed and outcrossed progeny in Gilia achilleifolia (Polemoniaceae) Evolution`37292-301Stromberg, M. R.2000,%Montezuma Quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae)Poole, A. Gill, F.Birds of North America Philadelphia, PA "Birds of North America, Inc.534 20&5430210/.-,+*)('&%$#"!  ,Kuhn, U.Spurengasaustausch klimarelevanter reduzierter Schwefelverbindungen zwischen Biosphare und Atmosphare: COS Transfer der Flechten und anderer biotischer Kompartimente. 1997 0)Johannes Gutenberg-Universitat in Mainz. 14-Dissertation Doktor der Naturwissenchafaften.dVOKuhn, U. Ammann, C. Wolf, A. Meixner, F. X. Andreae, M. O. Kesselmeier, J. 1999lfCarbonyl sulfide exchange on an ecosystem scale: soil represents a dominant sink for atmospheric COS. Atmospheric EnvironmenttAtmospheric Environment.33995-1008& Landres, P. B. MacMahon, J. A. 1983`YCommunity organization of arboreal birds in some oak woodlands of western North America. aEcol. Monogr. Ecol. Monogr. 53 183-208. @9Lane, R. S. Emmons, R. W. Dondero, D. V. Nelson, B. C. 1981ZTEcology of tick-borne agents in western California/Spotted fever group Rickettsiae.  Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.  Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. o30239-252.  Lane, R. S.e19902,Protection from Lyme disease in California. "Cooperative Extension Notes "Cooperative Extension Notes LEUC-Berkeley College of Natural Resources and UC Cooperative Extension 7189 1-2. 32,Larson, D. W. Matthes-Sears, U. Nash, T. H.1985JCThe ecology of Ramalina menziesii / Geographical variation in form.Canadian J. Bot.632062-2068.Canadian J. Bot.2+Larson, D. W. Matthes-Sears, U. Nash, T. H.1986vpThe ecology of Ramalina menziesii / Variation in water relations and tensile strength across an inland gradient.Canadian J. Bot.64 6-10.Canadian J. Bot.TMLeonard, M. L. Theather, K. L. Horn, A. G. Koenig, W. D. Dickinson, J. L. 1994JCProvisioning in western bluebirds is not related to offspring sex. iBehavioral EcologyBehavioral Ecology5J455-459.B7Survival in birds banded at the Hastings Reservation. n Condor Condor5188-96. Linsdale, J. M. 1950.(Observations on the Lawrence goldfinch.  Condor Condor52255-259. $Linsdale, J. M. Tevis, L. P. 1951ngThe Dusky-footed Wood Rat: A record of observations made on the Hastings Natural History Reservation. P Univ. Calif. Press Berkeley 664 p. .$Linsdale, J. M. Tomich, P. Q. 1953f`A Herd of Mule Deer: A record of observations made on the Hastings Natural History Reservation. Univ. Calif. Press Berkeley 567 p. 6Linsdale, J. M. 1955b[Check list of ferns and seed plants of Frances Simes Hastings Natural History Reservation. aLeaf. West. Bot.Leaf. West. Bot.7  201-218. A$Linsdale, J. M. Davis, B. S. 1956f`Taxonomic appraisal and occurrence of fleas at the Hastings Reservation in central California.  Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool.  Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. a54 293-370. $Linsdale, J. M. Tevis, L. P. 1956>8A five-year change in an assemblage of wood rat houses.  J. Mammalr J. Mammala37 371-374. sLinsdale, J. M. 1957@9Goldfinches on the Hastings Natural History Reservation. 5Amer. Midl. Nat.Amer. Midl. Nat.57 1-119. Linsdale, J. 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Knops1995 Knops1995 Knops1995 Knops1996 Knops1996 Knops1996 Knops1997 Knops1997 Knops1997 Knops1997 Knops1998 Knops1998 Knops1999 Knops1999 Knops1999 Knops2000 Knops2001 Koenig19789 Koenig1979~ Koenig1979~O Koenig1980 Koenig19808 Koenig1980  Koenig1980  Koenig1980  Koenig1980  Koenig1981~ Koenig1981 Koenig1981 Koenig1982 Koenig1982~ Koenig1982  Koenig1983~B Koenig1983~C Koenig1983~D Koenig1983~ Koenig1984~ Koenig1984 Koenig1985 Koenig1985~J Koenig1985 Koenig1985  Koenig1986~? Koenig1986~ Koenig1986 # Koenig1987 Koenig1987 Koenig1987~ Koenig1987~ Koenig1987~ Koenig1987~ Koenig1987  Koenig1987  Koenig1988~ Koenig1988~F Koenig1988~ Koenig1988  Koenig1988  Koenig1988  Koenig1988 G Koenig1989~ Koenig1989  Koenig1990~ Koenig1990~H Koenig1990~ Koenig1990 Koenig19909 Koenig1990  Koenig1990  Koenig1990  Koenig1990  Koenig1990  Koenig1991~ Koenig1991~ Koenig1991~I Koenig1991~ Koenig1991 Koenig1991 Koenig1991  Koenig1991  Koenig1991  Koenig19929j Koenig19929 Koenig1992 Koenig1992~ Koenig1992~ Koenig19929 Koenig1993 Koenig1994 Koenig1994~ Koenig19949 Koenig1994 Koenig1994 Koenig19949 Koenig1994  Koenig1994.\ Koenig19955 Koenig1995~ Koenig1995~ Koenig1995~ Koenig1995~^ Koenig19969 Koenig1996~ Koenig1996~ Koenig1996~ Koenig19969 Koenig19969 Koenig1996s Koenig1997 Koenig1997 Koenig1997 Koenig1997~> Koenig1997~e Koenig19979 Koenig1997 Koenig1997  Koenig1998~ Koenig1998~ Koenig1998~ Koenig1998- Koenig1998 Koenig1998 Koenig1998 Koenig19999 Koenig1999~ Koenig1999~ Koenig1999~ Koenig1999~ Koenig1999~  Koenig1999~ Koenig1999 Koenig1999  Koenig2000~  Koenig2000~  Koenig2000 Koenig20000  Koenig2001~ Koenig2001 Koenig20011 Koenig2001] Kraaijeveld2000S Kraaijeveld2001Kraaijeveld-Smit1998Kraaijeveld-Smit2001 Kuhn1996 Kuhn1997 Kuhn19999 Kuhn1999 Landres1983 Lane1981^ Lane19818 Lane1990L Lange1988N Lange1990 Larson1985~ Larson1986~6 Larson198687 Larson1986r8 Larson19878K Larson19878M Larson19909 Leonard199494Leonard1994 Leonard1994d hB7Univ. 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