0`  @@@ @@@@*220P0 EN DB   ;Jiy- 9Z g2% N]@ Lm{ *g Lancaster1992o ! W /"()*#R+,-.&+,1-.,iu23'0%4T1Wq5CBU2Vsnqjl36X4tropkmh64YZvgL9<J;[\67_`=>?9:@B;CDE|H#<GFa=>KLMbPcdNOPSQRQ~fgUZV_[Y\WX]wxy^z`@{|}bacdfgeijlmnCulicoides boydi (Diptera:Ceratopogonidae): A potential vector of hemorrhagic diseh Lancaster1993i Lancaster1994 Lancaster1994j Lancaster1995k Lancaster1995b Lancaster1999l Lappin19959m Lappin1996n Lappin1997io Lappin1997ip Lappin1997iq Lappin1998ir Lawlor1989is Lawlor1992it Lawlor1993iu Lawlor1993iv Lawlor1994iw Lawlor1994ix Lawlor1995iy Lawlor1996iF Ledyardz Lee1999{ Leebins-Mach submitted| Levy1995r; Loik20000Longland1989} Luke1989r~ Luke19944 Luke19969 Luke1996* Lund1999a McAuliffe1995: McAuliffe1997McDonald1990wMcDonald19945McDonald19945McDonald1994McDonald19955McDonald19955McDonald19965McDonald19965McDonald1999wMcDonald2000wMcFadden19879McFadden19899McFadden1990wMcFadden1990 McFadden1990 McFadden1990 McFadden1991 ,McFadden1992eMcFadden1992wMcFadden1994McFadden19945McFadden1994McFadden1994 McFadden1994 McFadden19955McFadden19965McFadden19969McFadden1998 McGwire2000 Metzger1987G Miller19819Minckley1997Minckley1999Minckley2000 Minor2000/(Mojave Desert Quaternary Research Center1991 Moon19880 Morgan19890 Morgan19920 Mullens1992" Mundo-Ocampo1999w" Nadler1999o Nagy1988 Nagy1991 Nagy19941 Nagy19941 Nagy19944E Nagy19988 Nagy199993-New Mexico Water Resources Research Institute1989 Norris19539 Norris19699 Norris1969 Norris1996 Olinger1991 Olinger1994 Olinger1994 Paisley1991Peterson19901Peterson1991Peterson19921Peterson19941Peterson1995wPeterson1996Peterson1996EPeterson19989Peterson19999 Pierson1996 Pinto1997 Pitzer1999 Platner1997Podolsky1989ePodolsky1990e Pomeroy1986 Poths1994 Poths1994 Price1983 Price1983 Price1983 Price1984 Price1985 Price1989 Price1989 Price1989 Price1990 Price1992 Price1993 Price1993 Price1995 Price1997 Price1997 Price1999 Price2000 Prose1987 Ramey1995 Ramey1996 Rechel19959 Rechel19969Reichman1993 Rendell1994Reynolds19909Reynolds19909Reynolds1991oReynolds1991o Richman1996 Richman1997 Richman1999 Richman2000 Ritter19898 Ritter19909= Rotenberry1996QRoulston1999/(San Bernardino County Museum Association1990/(San Bernardino County Museum Association1991T Sanwald19989 Saul-Gershenz1999 Sawyer19950 Schoen1991 Schoen1992 Schoen1994Schwartz19869 Secor1989 Secor1989 Secor1990 Secor1991 Secor1991 Secor1992 Secor1992 Secor1992 Secor1992 Secor1994 Secor1994 Secor1994 Secor1994 Secor1995 Sena1994 Sherman1993 Sherman1993 Sinervo1999 Smith1991 Smith1995 Smith1995 Smith1997: Smith1997 Smith1997; Smith2000 Sosa-Burgos1995 Stein1979 Stein1992 Stein1994 Stein1999 Stouthamer1997Qf Tchakerian1991N Tchakerian1994 Thomas19999cqkUnited States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Division19881*University of New Mexico. Dept. of Geology19899 Uyenoyama1996 Vasek1979 Vasek1983E Wallis19989 Wallis1999Walsberg1999w Warrick1979 Waser1985 Waser1997 Waser2000Wehausen19889Wehausen19889Wehausen19889 Wehausen1990eWehausen19909Wehausen1991ePWehausen1991e Wehausen1995w Wehausen1995 Wehausen1996Wehausen19969Wehausen1997 Wells1987+ Wells1989 Wells1989 Wells1989 Wells1990 Wells1990 Wells1990 Wells1990 Wells1991 Wells1991, Wells1992 Wells1992 Wells1994 Wells1994 Wells1994 Wells1994 Wells1994 Wells1994 Wells1994 Wells1995 Wells1995 Wells1996Wilshire1987wf Wintle19919 Wirth1992McFadden1990w,McFadden1992eMcFadden1992wMcFadden1994McFadden19945McFadden1994McFadden19955McFadden19965McFadden19969McFadden1998 McGwire2000 Metzger1987G Miller19819Minckley1997Minckley1999Minckley2000 Minor2000/(Mojave Desert Quaternary Research Center1991 Moon19880 Morgan19890 Morgan19920" Mundo-Ocampo1999w" Nadler1999o Nagy1988 Nagy1991 Nagy19941 Nagy19941 Nagy19944E Nagy19988 Nagy19999 Norris19539 Norris19699 Norris1969 Norris1996 Paisley1991Peterson19901Peterson1991Peterson19921Peterson19941Peterson1995wPeterson1996Peterson1996EPeterson19989Peterson19999 Pierson1996 Pinto1997 Pitzer1999 Platner1997Podolsky1989ePodolsky1990e Pomeroy1986 Price1983 Price1983 Price1983 Price1984 Price1985 Price1989 Price1989 Price1989 Price1990 Price1992 Price1993 Price1993 Price1995 Price1997 Price1997 Price1999 Price2000 Prose1987 Ramey1995 Ramey1996 Rechel19959 Rechel19969Reichman1993 Rendell1994Reynolds19909Reynolds19909Reynolds1991oReynolds1991o Richman1996 Richman1997 Richman1999 Richman2000 Ritter19898= Rotenberry1996QRoulston1999/(San Bernardino County Museum Association1990/(San Bernardino County Museum Association1991T Sanwald19989 Saul-Gershenz1999 Sawyer19950 Schoen1991 Schoen1992 Schoen1994Schwartz19869 Secor1989 Secor1989 Secor1990 Secor1991 Secor1991 Secor1992 Secor1992 Secor1992 Secor1992 Secor1994 Secor1994 Secor1994 Secor1994 Secor1995 Sena1994 Sherman1993 Sherman1993 Smith1997: Smith1997; Smith2000 Stein1992 Stein1994 Stouthamer1997Qf Tchakerian1991N Tchakerian1994cqkUnited States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Division1988 Uyenoyama1996E Wallis19989 Wallis1999Walsberg1999w Waser1985 Waser1997 Waser2000 Wehausen1990eWehausen1991ePWehausen1991e Wehausen1995w Wehausen1995 Wehausen1996Wehausen1997+ Wells1989 Wells1989 Wells1990 Wells1991, Wells1992 Wells1992 Wells1994 Wells1994 Wells1994 Wells1994 Wells1994 Wells1995 Wells1996Wilshire1987wf Wintle19919  !"#$%&'(!@ h@ AuthorsJournalsKeywords    !!!!!!""""""""""#######$%%%&&&&&&''''''''''''(((((((((    "j@:Anderson, K. C. Wells, S. G. Graham, R. C. McFadden, L. D. 1994TMProcesses of vertical accretion in the stone-free zone below desert pavementsf:4Abstracts and Programs Geological Society of America267 A87("SGMDRC Earth Science Mojave desertAnderson, Kirk Christian 1999Processes of vesicular horizon development and desert pavement formation on basalt flows of the Cima Volcanic Field and alluvial fans of the Avawatz Mountains, Piedmont, Mojave Desert, California  Riversideu University of Californiaxvii, 191 leaves Ph. D.12334435JDUCR Science Q180.A495 1999 .A53 UCR SpCol Thesis Q180.A495 1999 .A53lfUniversity of California, Riverside. Dept. of Earth Sciences Dissertations. Geology California Mojave Desert Geology California Avawatz Mountains Eolian processes California Mojave Desert Geology, Stratigraphic Holocene Cima Volcanic Field (Calif.) Avawatz Mountains (Calif.) Dissertations, Academic UCR Geological Sciences SGMDRC Earth Science Mojave Desertby Kirk Christian Anderson. Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Riverside, 1999. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 154-166)nghttp://wwwlib.umi.com/pqdd2/search/do?query=au%28Anderson%2C%20Kirk%20Christian%29%20and%20da%281999%29e  Andre, J. M. Smith, F. A. 1997TNFloristic inventory of Twenty-nine Palms marine Corps Air-Ground Combat Center .(U. S. Marine Corp, Department of Defense*#SGMDRC Mojave Desert Botany Biology Andre, J. M. Knight, T. A. 1999@9An overview of special status plants in the Mojave Desert{4-Proceeding of Mojave Desert Science Symposiuma RLUSGS Western Ecological Research Center, University of California, Riverside*#Mojave Desert SGMDRC Biology Botanyt Anonymous\ 1995 Desert bloom Sierra 61-65 March/Aprilr SGMDRC Other Barr, C.B. 1999The aquatic Dryopoidea of California: Survey of the Mojave National Preserve and adjoining lands, including records of other water beetle groups Berkeley University of California Ph. D.82SGMDRC Biology Entomology Dryopoidea Mojave Desert Berger, J. Wehausen, J. D. 1991\VConsequences of A Mammalian Predator-Prey Disequilibrium in the Great Basin Desert UsaConservation Biology5 2y244-248a3521560QB;Mammalia-Unspecified (General Biology--Conservation, Resource Management) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--General; Methods) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) Nonhuman vertebrates Nonhuman mammals Community Structure Conservation Biology Great Basin National Park SGMDRC Biology Great Basin Mammals Zoologya Berkey, J. F.J 1988:4Survey of seeps and springs in the Granite Mountains  Santa Cruz University of California Senior"SGMDRC Biology Mojave DesertBleecker, Marybeth 1988An inventory, analysis and monitoring of grazing in the East Mojave Desert of California : a geographic information systems approach  Riverside, University of California v, 103 leaves Ph. D.5840993iJDUCR Science SF85.35.C2 B64 1988 UCR SpCol Thesis SF85.35.C2 B64 1988XRUniversity of California, Riverside. Dept. of Earth Sciences Dissertations. Range management California Mojave Desert Remote sensing Grazing California Mojave Desert Rangelands California Mojave Desert Mojave Desert (Calif.) Granite Mountain Reserve (Calif.) Dissertations, Academic UCR Earth Sciences SGMDRC Biology Grazing Mojave Desertrkby Marybeth Bleecker. Thesis (M.S.)--University of California, Riverside, 1988. Bibliography: leaves 76-82. 0)Bleich, V. C. Wehausen, J. D. Holl, S. A.\ 1990f`Desert-dwelling mountain sheep: Conservation implications of a naturally fragmented distributionConservation Biology44383-390R3635559Bovidae (General Biology--Conservation, Resource Management) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Wildlife Management-Terrestrial) (Movement (1971- )) (Chordata, General and Systematic Zoology--Mammalia) (Animal Distribution (1971- )) Nonhuman vertebrates Nonhuman mammals Artiodactyls Ovis-Canadensis Corridor Habitat Telemetry SGMDRC Biology Mojave Desert ZoologyvpMountain sheep (Ovis canadensis) are closely associated with steep, mountainous, open terrain. Their habitat consequently occurs in a naturally fragmented pattern, often with substantial expanses of unsuitable habitat between suitable patches; the sheep have been noted to be slow colonizers of vacant suitable habitat. As a result, resource managers have focused on (1) conserving "traditional" mountainous habitats, and (2) forced colonization through reintroduction. Telemetry studies in desert habitats have recorded more intermountain movement by desert sheep than was previously thought to occur. Given the heretofore unrecognized vagility of mountain sheep, we argue that existing corridors of "nontraditional" habitat connecting mountain ranges to be given adequate conservation consideration. Additionally, small areas of mountainous habitat that are not permanently occupied but that may serve as "stepping stones" within such corridors must be recognized for their potential importance to relatively isolated populations of mountain sheep. We discuss the potential importance of such corridors to other large, vagile species.PIBleich, Vernon C. Wehausen, John D. Ramey, Rob Roy Ii Rechel, Jennifer L. 1995NGMetapopulation theory and mountain sheep: Implications for conservationJCLandscapes: Human ecology, landscape ecology, earth system science. 82University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-0800 AAAS Arctic Division452118511Bovidae (General Biology--Conservation, Resource Management) (Genetics and Cytogenetics--Animal) (Genetics and Cytogenetics-- Population Genetics (1972-)) (Behavioral Biology--Animal Behavior) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Wildlife Management-Terrestrial) (Movement (1971- )) (Chordata, General and Systematic Zoology--Mammalia) animals artiodactyls chordates mammals nonhuman mammals nonhuman vertebrates vertebrates Behavior Extinction Gene Flow Land Management Meeting Abstract Migration Conservation Ecology (Environmental Sciences) Genetics Physiology Population Genetics (Population Studies) Systematics and Taxonomy Wildlife Management (Conservation) SGMDRC Biology Mojave Desert ZoologyBleich, Vernon C. ; Wehausen, John D.; Ramey, Rob Roy Ii; Rechel, Jennifer L. California Dep. Fish Game, 407 West Line St., Bishop, CA 935140)Bleich, V. C. Wehausen, J. D. Holl, S. A.\ 1995f`Desert-dwelling mountain sheep: Conservation implications of a naturally fragmented distribution1874138Bovidae (General Biology--Conservation, Resource Management) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Wildlife Management-Terrestrial) (Animal Distribution (1971- )) animals artiodactyls chordates mammals nonhuman mammals nonhuman vertebrates vertebrates Book Chapter Conservation Habitat Ecology (Environmental Sciences) Wildlife Management (Conservation) SGMDRC Biology Mojave Desert Zoology~xBleich, V. C. ; Wehausen, J. D.; Holl, S. A. Calif. Dep. Fish Game, 407 West Line Street, Bishop, CA 93514 Ehrenfeld, D. DCB$A@?>=^<;F:PJHamerlynck, Erik P. Smith, Stanley D. Jordan, Dean N. McAuliffe, Joseph R. 1997Effects of Mojave Desert bajada geomorphic history and drought on water relations and gas exchange of two contrasting desert shrubsj4-Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 784 SUPPLa 103-3570322gCompositae Zygophyllaceae (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Bioclimatology and Biometeorology) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Plant) (Biochemistry--Physiological Water Studies (1970- )) (Biochemistry--Gases (1970- )) (Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics--Water Relations) (Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics--Photosynthesis) (Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics--Respiration, Fermentation) angiosperms dicots plants spermatophytes vascular plants Bajada Geomorphic History Community Structure Drought Gas Exchange Mojave Desert Photosynthetic Gas Exchange Rainfall Seasonality Terrestrial Ecology Water Relations SGMDRC Biology Botany; CONFERENCE LITERATURE>8Hamerlynck, E. P. Huxman, T. E. Loik, M. E. Smith, S. D. 2000Effects of extreme high temperature, drought and elevated CO2 on photosynthesis of the Mojave Desert evergreen shrub, Larrea tridentatanv Plant Ecology 148 2r183-193i Plant Ecol46807920)Environment/Ecology Biology Botany SGMDRCRKAgriculture, Biology, & Environmental Science (AGRI) JUN Access restricted.Spjhttp://www.wkap.nl/art.pdf?issn=1385-0237&volume=148&page=183 http://www.wkap.nl/journalhome.htm/1385-0237Hazard, Lisa C. 1995YNasal salt gland secretion by Dipsosaurus dorsalis is increased by K+ and Cl- but not Na+t2American Zoologist355 94AU2186047rSauria (Biochemistry--Physiological Water Studies (1970- )) (Biochemistry--Biochemical Studies: Minerals) (Chordate Body Regions--Facial (1970- )) (Metabolism--Minerals) (Urinary System and External Secretions--Physiology and Biochemistry) (Chordata, General and Systematic Zoology--Reptilia) animals chordates nonhuman vertebrates reptiles vertebrates Ion Secretion Meeting Abstract Regulation SGMDRC Biology ZoologyOCONFERENCE LITERATURE;&Hazard, L. C. Rotenberry, J. T. 1996LFHerptofauna and vegetation survey of Cornfield Spring and Piute SpringNHProceedings of the East Mojave Desert Symposium, Technical Report No. 10 Los Angeles, CaliforniaU Los Angeles County Museum 69-747-8 November 1996.0*Biology Zoology Reptiles Amphibians SGMDRC Hazard, L. C. 1999VRepeatability of ion secretion by salt glands of desert iguanas (Dipsosaurus dorsalis)AUAmerican Zoologist395U 136A5447967U|vSauria (Chordata, General and Systematic Zoology--Reptilia) (Evolution) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--General; Methods) (Physiology, General and Miscellaneous--General) Reptiles Cation Ratio Genetic Basis Intra-Individual Repeatability Intra-Populational Variability Ion Secretion Natural Selection Secretory Ability Meeting Abstract Meeting Poster SGMDRC Biology ZoologyCONFERENCE LITERATURE; Heinz, J. 19836/Species replacement along elevational gradientsG  Riverside\ University of California M. A.SGMDRC Biology Henen, B. T. 1988TEnergy storage and reproductive output of female desert tortoises, Gopherus agassiziCAmerican Zoologist284s 128A54498791Chelonia (Physiology, General and Miscellaneous--General) (Metabolism--Energy and Respiratory Metabolism) (Metabolism--Lipids) (Reproductive System--Physiology and Biochemistry) Nonhuman vertebrates Reptiles Abstract Lipid Energy Reserve SGMDRC Biology Zoology Desert TortoiseCONFERENCE LITERATURE Henen, B. T. 1990PEgg production and body condition of female desert tortoises Xerobates agassizii=American Zoologist304N 54A4107618NChelonia (Physiology, General and Miscellaneous--General) (Reproductive System--Physiology and Biochemistry) Nonhuman vertebrates Reptiles Abstract Body Mass SGMDRC Biology Zoology Desert TortoiseCONFERENCE LITERATUREt Henen, B. T. 1990REgg production and body condition of female desert tortoises (Xerobates agassizzi)>Q:4Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium6/SGMDRC Biology Zoology Desert Tortoise Reptiles  Henen, B. T. 1992jcDesert tortoise diet and dietary deficiencies limiting tortoise egg production at Goffs, Californiad:4Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium6/Biology Zoology Reptiles Desert Tortoise SGMDRCDHenen, Brian Thomast 1994rSeasonal and annual energy and water budgets of female desert tortoises (Xerobates agassizii) at Goffs, CaliforniaI\  Los AngelesF University of Californiaxiii, 185 leaves Ph. D.9687778 UCLA Biomed W4C H386s 1994ZTBiology Zoology Dissertations, Academic UCLA Biology SGMDRC Desert Tortoise Reptiles|vby Brian Thomas Henen. Typescript (photocopy). Vita. Thesis (Ph. D.)--UCLA, 1994. Includes bibliographical references.hbhttp://wwwlib.umi.com/pqdd2/search/do?query=au%28Henen%2C%20Brian%20Thomas%29%20and%20da%281994%290 v PIBleich, Vernon C. Wehausen, John D. Ramey, Rob Roy Ii Rechel, Jennifer L. 1996NGMetapopulation theory and mountain sheep: Implications for conservationv0*Metapopulations and wildlife conservation. >7Suite 300, 1718 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, D.C.  Island Press353-3732924537Bovidae (General Biology--Conservation, Resource Management) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Wildlife Management-Terrestrial) (Animal Distribution (1971- )) animals artiodactyls chordates mammals nonhuman mammals nonhuman vertebrates vertebrates Distribution Metapopulation Theory Western United States Wildlife Management Biogeography (Population Studies) Conservation Wildlife Management (Conservation) SGMDRC Biology Mojave Desert Zoology:4Bleich, Vernon C. Bowyer, R. Terry Wehausen, John D. 1997D=Sexual segregation in mountain sheep: Resources or predation?Wildlife Monographsa0g 134) 1-503084822JCBovidae (Behavioral Biology--Animal Behavior) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Nutrition--General Studies, Nutritional Status and Methods) animals artiodactyls chordates mammals nonhuman mammals nonhuman vertebrates vertebrates Behavior Female Male Mojave Desert Predation Sexual Segregation Biology Zoology SGMDRC\ ^ XWe studied mountain sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni) at Old Dad Mountain, in the Kelso Mountains, and in the Marl Mountains in the eastern Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California during 1981-90 to determine causes of sexual segregation. Forty-four mountain sheep were captured, fitted with radio collars, and located systematically from a fixed-wing aircraft to determine differences in habitats used by males and females. In addition, diet composition and for-age quality and availability along with information on diets and distribution of predators were obtained to test 4 hypotheses potentially explaining sexual segregation in ungulates. Mature males and females were segregated from December to July and were aggregated from August to November. Mature males obtained higher quality diets than did females (based on values for fecal crude protein) during 2 of the 3 years for which data were available. Indices of predator abundance were substantially lower on ranges used by females and juveniles than on those used by mature males. Females occurred closer to Permanent sources of water and in steeper, more rugged, and more open habitats than did mature males. Moreover, forage was more abundant in habitats used primarily by mature male sheep. Females with and without lambs did not differ in their distance from water during aggregation or segregation, and females did not visit water more often during the period of peak lactation when compared with other times of the year. Female groups with lambs, however, occurred on steeper slopes and in more rugged and open habitats during segregation, when lambs were very young. Based on our results, we refute the hypotheses (1) that females outcompete males for available resources, and allometric differences between the sexes lead to sexual segregation; (2) that the constraints of lactation may be important in explaining sex" segregation in this desert-adapted ungulate; and (3) that males segregate to avoid competition with their mates, potential mates, and offspring, at least in desert ecosystems. In contrast, our findings strongly support the hypothesis that, because of their smaller body size and potentially greater vulnerability to predation, and the need to minimize risk to their offspring, female ungulates and their young use habitats with fewer predators and greater opportunities to evade predation than do mature males, but that males are able to, and do, exploit nutritionally superior areas. We conclude that sexual segregation likely results from differing reproductive strategies of males and females among sexually dimorphic ungulates. Males may enhance their fitness by exploiting habitats with superior forage and thereby enhance body condition and horn growth while simultaneously incurring greater risks than do females. In contrast, females appear to enhance their fitness by minimizing risks to their offspring, albeit at the expense of nutrient quality Further, we suggest that how food and risk of predation are arrayed in the environment may affect whether males or females inhabit better quality ranges, as well as which sex moves to produce spatial separation.Bouskila, Amos 1995d^Interactions between predation risk and competition: A field study of kangaroo rats and snakesEcology (Washington D C)761\165-178l1493792R Serpentes Strigiformes Heteromyidae (Behavioral Biology--Animal Behavior) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (External Effects--Light and Darkness) (Nutrition--General Studies, Nutritional Status and Methods) animals birds chordates mammals nonhuman mammals nonhuman vertebrates reptiles rodents vertebrates Field Manipulation Foraging Behavior Interference Competition Microhabitat Use Mojave Desert Moonlight Effect Prey Population Size Seed Tray Experiment Snake Predation SGMDRC Biology Reptiles Mammals Zoologyo{The effects of predation risk from snakes on microhabitat use of kangaroo rats (Dipodomys deserti and D. merriami) was studied in the Mojave Desert. I concentrated on the effects of the predator on the foraging behavior of the rodents and eliminated effects of prey capture on prey population size. Foraging stations contained three seed trays, one in each of three microhabitats (Open, Bush, Grass). The amount of seed left in each tray after one night of foraging was used to assess the responses to predation risk and other foraging costs; additional data were collected during direct observations and by trapping. To investigate the effect of snakes on foraging and microhabitat use of kangaroo rats I manipulated snake presence at the stations. I studied the interactions between predation risk from snakes and moonlight by conducting experiments near full and new moon nights. Both species of kangaroo rats preferred to forage in the Open and avoided the Bush. This preference is opposite to the preference of the main rodent-eating snake at the study site, the sidewinder (Crotalus cerastes), which prefers the Bush over the Open. At stations with snakes, D. deserti reduced its foraging and avoided the Bush more than in control plots. However, D. merriami foraged more at stations with snakes. D. merriami thus foraged at the trays that were avoided by D. deserti and it reduced the risk of interference from the dominant D. deserti. In contrast to studies by other investigators, moonlight (which is associated with increased risk from owls) did not reduce the foraging or affect the microhabitat use of kangaroo rats in summer; moonlight effect was seen only in the fall, when snakes were not active. Unlike risk from owls, risk from snakes is high under bushes and during dark nights. The activity of rodents in summer is a combined reaction to the different predation risks posed by snakes and by owls.http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0012-9658%281995%2976%3A1%3C165%3AIBPRAC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-T http://www.jstor.org/journals/00129658.html Brown, T. W. 1970ZAutecology of the sidewinder (Crotalus cerastes) at Kelso Dunes, Mojave Desert, California/  Los Angelesy University of California Ph. D.81SGMDRC Zoology Biology Crotalus cerastes Reptiles. $6 f`Camp, Richard J. Knight, Richard L. Knight, Heather A. L. Sherman, Michael W. Kawashima, Jack Y. 1993HAFood habits of nesting common ravens in the eastern Mojave DesertSouthwestern Naturalist382163-165TChelonia Passeriformes (General Biology--Conservation, Resource Management) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Wildlife Management-Terrestrial) (Nutrition--General Studies, Nutritional Status and Methods) (Reproductive System--General; Methods) (Chordata, General and Systematic Zoology--Pisces) animals birds chordates nonhuman vertebrates reptiles vertebrates Diet Wildlife Management SGMDRC Biology raven Zoology Desert Tortoise,$Christensen, D. D. Dickey, J.. 1996jcThe pictographs of the the eastern Mojave desert of California and Nevada: an initial investigation4.Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly32 3 & 4N 1-81SGMDRC Cultured]Christopher, Mary M. Berry, Kristin H. Wallis, I. R. Nagy, K. A. Henen, B. T. Peterson, C. C. 1999Reference intervals and physiologic alterations in hematologic and biochemical values of free-ranging desert tortoises in the Mojave Desertn"Journal of Wildlife Diseases352t212-238j4766538oRKChelonia (Chordata, General and Systematic Zoology--Reptilia) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--General; Methods) (Physiology, General and Miscellaneous--General) Reptiles Clinical Chemistry Disease-Related Mortality Habitat Loss Hematology Human Mortality Precipitation SGMDRC Biology Desert Tortoise Mojave Desert Zoology Reptiles : 4Desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) populations have experienced precipitous declines resulting from the cumulative impact of habitat loss, and human and disease-related mortality. Evaluation of hematologic and biochemical responses of desert tortoises to physiologic and environmental factors can facilitate the assessment of stress and disease in tortoises and contribute to management decisions and population recovery. The goal of this study was to obtain and analyze clinical laboratory data from free-ranging desert tortoises at three sites in the Mojave Desert (California, USA) between October 1990 and October 1995, to establish reference intervals, and to develop guidelines for the interpretation of laboratory, data under a variety of environmental and physiologic conditions. Body weight, carapace length, and venous blood samples for a complete blood count and clinical chemistry profile were obtained from 98 clinically healthy adult desert tortoises of both sexes at the Desert Tortoise Research Natural area (western Mojave), Goffs (eastern Mojave) and Ivanpah Valley (northeastern Mojave). Samples were obtained four times per year, in winter (February/March), spring (May/June), summer (July/August), and fall (October). Years of near-, above- and below-average rainfall were represented in the 5 yr period. Minimum, maximum and median values, and central 95 percentiles were used as reference intervals and measures of central tendency for tortoises at each site and/or season. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance for significant (P < 0.01) variation on the basis of sex, site, season, and interactions between these variables. Significant sex differences were observed for packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, aspartate transaminase activity, and cholesterol, triglyceride, calcium, and phosphorus concentrations. Marked seasonal variation was observed in most parameters in conjunction with reproductive cycle, hibernation, or seasonal rainfall. Year-to-year differences and long-term alterations primarily reflected winter rainfall amounts. Site differences were minimal, and largely reflected geographic differences in precipitation patterns, such that results from these studies can be applied to other tortoise populations in environments with known rainfall and forage availability patterns.Chu, M. 1999qEcology and breeding of phainopeplas (Phainopepla nitens) in desert and coastal woodlands of southern California.t&8 Berkeley University of California Ph. D..(SGMDRC Biology Zoology Birds Phainopepla"Chu, Miyoko Walsberg, Glenne 1999n)Phainopepla : Phainopepla nitens, No. 415\" Poole, A. Gill, F. The Birds of North America  Philadelphia "Birds of North America Inc..20122147704-UCSB Main Lib Sci-Eng QL681 .B625 1992 no.415t.(Phainopepla SGMDRC Biology Birds Zoology Miyoko Chu and Glenn Walsberg. The Birds of North America ; no. 415 Caption title. "French: Phnopple luisant ; Spanish: Capulinero negro." "Order Passeriformes ; family Ptilogonatidae." Includes bibliographical references (p. 18-19). Birds of North America ; no. 415. Cody, M. L.jcSpacing in Mojave Desert California Usa Plant Communities II. Plant Size and Distance Relationships@9Israel Journal of Botany Basic and Applied Plant Sciences352109-1207779494Plantae-Unspecified (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Plant) (Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics--Growth, Differentiation) Neighbor Distance Near-Neighbor Incidence SGMDRC Biology Botany Cody, M. L. 1970(!Finch flocks in the Mojave Desert $Theoretical Population Biology1142-158TSGMDRC Biology House Finch Flocking Carpodacus mexicanus Birds Mojave Desert Zoology$8 Cody, M. L. 1978Distribution ecology of Haplopappus and Chrysothamnus in the Mojave Desert. I. Niche positions and niche shifts on north-facing granitic slopes#(5 American Journal of Botany65 1107-11163PHaplopappus Chrysothamnus Mojave Desert Plant Distribution SGMDRC Biology Botany Cody, M. L. 1981b\Habitat selection in birds: the roles of vegetation structure, competitors, and productivity Bioscience31107-113leHabitat Selection birds Competition vegetation structure breeding productivity SGMDRC Biology Zoology Cody, M. L. 1986ZTSpacing patterns in Mojave Desert [USA] plant communities: Nearest-neighbor analyses"Journal of Arid Environments113t199-2187976672iPlantae-Unspecified (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Plant) (Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics--Reproduction) Woody Shrub Root System Compatibility Germination Site SGMDRC Biology BotanyThe identities, sizes and densities of woody shrubs > 10 cm high were recorded at four sites in the Mojave Desert of comparable elevation and topography, all located on flat, sandy granitic alluvium. For each commoner species, the identity, size and distance of c. 50 first and 50 second near-neighbors were recorded. Using the known densities of species in the quadrats, the observed neighbor frequencies were compared to those expected from random disposition of species. The comparison showed that some species are the 'preferred' neighbors of others, while yet other species are 'avoided' as neighbors. Some species 'prefer' conspecifics as neighbors, but the larger dominant shrubs almost invariably 'avoid' conspecifics and tend to a uniform spacing. Positive interactions (preferred neighbors) are 2-3 times commoner than negative interactions (involving avoided neighbors). It is hypothesized that the likely mechanism of these spacing patterns is differential compatibility of root systems, although specificity of germination sites may also play a role; this mechanism is hypothesized to be of importance in the maintenance of diversity in desert shrubs.JIHGbFE x\VHenen, Brian T. Peterson, Charles C. Wallis, Ian R. Berry, Kristin H. Nagy, Kenneth A. 1998`YEffects of climatic variation on field metabolism and water relations of desert tortoisesOecologia (Berlin) 117U3U365-3734520105iChelonia (Ecology; Environmental Biology--General; Methods) (Behavioral Biology--Animal Behavior) (Physiology, General and Miscellaneous--General) (Metabolism--General Metabolism; Metabolic Pathways) Reptiles Behavioral Flexibility Climate Drinking Drought Energy Use Field Metabolic Rate [Fmr] Geographic Variation Physiological Ecology Physiological Flexibility Physiological Response Rainfall Rainwater Reproduction Resource Abundance Resource Availability Seasonal Patterns Succulent Vegetation: Food Survival Water Economy Index Water Flux Rate [Wir] Water Use Weather Pattern El Nino Effect [Enso] SGMDRC Biology Zoology Reptiles Desert Tortoise Mojave DesertjWe used the doubly labeled water method to measure the field metabolic rates (FMRs, in kJ kg-1 day-1) and water flux rates (WIRs, in m; H2O kg-1 day-1) of adult desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) in three parts of the Mojave Desert in California over a 3.5-year period, in order to develop insights into the physiological responses of this threatened species to climate variation among sites and years. FMR, WIR, and the water economy index (WEI, in ml H2O kJ-1, an indicator of drinking of free water) differed extensively among seasons, among study sites, between sexes, and among years. In high-rainfall years, males had higher FMRs than females. Average daily rates of energy and water use by desert tortoises were extraordinarily variable: 28-fold differences in FMR and 237-fold differences in WIR were measured. Some of this variation was due to seasonal conditions, with rates being low during cold winter months and higher in the warm seasons. However, much of the variation was due to responses to year-to-year variation in rainfall. Annual spring peaks in FMR and WIR were higher in wet years than in drought years. Site differences in seasonal patterns were apparently due to geographic differences in rainfall patterns (more summer rain at eastern Mojave sites). In spring 1992, during an El Nino (ENSO) event, the WEI was greater than the maximal value obtainable from consuming succulent vegetation, indicating copious drinking of rainwater at that time. The physiological and behavioral flexibility of desert tortoises, evident in individuals living at all three study sites, appears central to their ability to survive droughts and benefit from periods of resource abundance. The strong effects of the El Nino (ENSO) weather pattern on tortoise physiology, reproduction, and survival elucidated in this and other studies suggest that local manifestations of global climate events could have a long-term influence on the tortoise populations in the Mojave Desert.Access restricted.http://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00442/bibs/8117003/81170365.htm http://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00442/papers/8117003/81170365.pdf http://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00442/index.html Horne, B. V. Ledyard, P.&Survey of the Granite Mountains 60Bureau of Land Management and Dr. Kenneth Norris"Biology SGMDRC Mojave Desert RLHoward, Keith A. Carr, Michael D. Miller, David M. Geological Survey (U.S.), 1981Tectonic framework of the Mojave and Sonoran deserts, California and Arizona : abstracts from a conference held by the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park, California, November 4-6, 1980 Menlo Park, Calif. 2,U.S. Dept. of the Interior Geological Survey 1 v.6727781UCI Main Lib Government Information Microfiche I 19.76:81-503 UCR Science M'fiche QE75 O64 no.81-503 CSL State Lib Govt Pubs I 19.76:81-503iD=Earth Science Geology, Structural Congresses Abstracts SGMDRCb edited by Keith A. Howard, Michael D. Carr, and David M. Miller. Open-file report ; 81-503. Microfiche. [Denver, Colo. : U.S. Geological Survey, 1981?]. 2 microfiches ; 11 x 15 cm. Includes bibliographies. Open-file report (Geological Survey (U.S.)) ; 81-503.f0)Howard, Keith A. Geological Survey (U.S.). 1987rkMineral resources of the Bristol Granite Mountains Wilderness Study Area, San Bernardino County, Californiarf`Mineral resources of wilderness study areas--central California desert conservation area ; ch. C  Denver, CO 2,Dept. of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey v, 18167851828UCI Main Lib Government Information U.S. I 19.3:1712-C UCR Science QE75 B841 no.1712-C UCSB Main Lib Sci-Eng QE75 .B8 no.1712-C CSL State Lib Govt Pubs I 19.3:1712-CMines and mineral resources California Bristol/Granite Mountains Wilderness Geology California Bristol/Granite Mountains Wilderness Bristol/Granite Mountains Wilderness (Calif.) SGMDRC Earth Scienceby Keith A. Howard ... [et al.]. U.S. Geological Survey bulletin ; 1712. Shipping list no.: 87-541-P. Bibliography: p. 10-11. U.S. Geological Survey bulletin : 1712-C.C"Irschick, D. J. Jayne, B. C. 1997A comparative analysis of laboratory and field escape locomotion in two lizard species Callisaurus draconoides and Uma scopariaaWnsAmerican Zoologist375\ 175A3753446 $Sauria (Physiology, General and Miscellaneous--Comparative (1970- )) (Behavioral Biology--Animal Behavior) (Biophysics--General Biophysical Studies) (Movement (1971- )) Reptiles Bipedal Running Comparative Analysis Escape Sprinting Locomotor Performance Meeting Abstract SGMDRC BiologyOCONFERENCE LITERATURE;"Irschick, D. J. Jayne, B. C. 1998RLComparative three-dimensional kinematics of high-speed locomotion in lizardsAmerican Zoologist385 37A4554357Sauria (Physiology, General and Miscellaneous--General) Reptiles Bipedal Strides High-Speed Locomotion Limb Posture Quadrupedal Strides Three-Dimensional Kinematics Meeting Abstract SGMDRC BiologyCONFERENCE LITERATURE;*)('&%$#"! @ .Cody, Martin L.r 1999r.Crissal thrasher : Toxostoma crissale, No. 419' Poole, A. Gill, F. The Birds of North America  Philadelphia "Birds of North America Inc.28122147844-UCSB Main Lib Sci-Eng QL681 .B625 1992 no.41914-Crissal thrasher SGMDRC Biology Birds Zoology0 Martin L. Cody. The Birds of North America ; no. 419 Caption title. "French: Moquer cul roux; Spanish: Cuitlacoche crisal, Cuitlacoche crisum rojizo." "Order Passiformes, family Mimidae." Includes bibliographical references (p. 23-28). Birds of North America ; no. 419." Cody, M. L. 2000HASlow-motion population dynamics in Mojave Desert perennial plants\$Journal of Vegetation Science\113\351-358C J Veg Sciu4619659O*$Plant Sciences Biology Botany SGMDRC>8Agriculture, Biology, & Environmental Science (AGRI) JUN Cohen, P. S. 1994`ZPassive solar research facilities at the University of California Granite Mountain Reserve81Proceedings of the 19th National Solar Conference\ San Jose, California $American Solar Energy Society173-176SGMDRC Solar Energy Cohen, P. S. 199481University of California Granite Mountain Reserve (!Meffe, Gary K. Carroll, C. Ronald("Principles of Conservation Biology Sunderland, MassachusettsL Sinauer Associates, Inc.267-268LSGMDRC Solar EnergyR Cohen, P. S. 1996\VPassive solar research facilities at the UC Granite Mountain Reserve (Poster Abstract)NHProceedings of the East Mojave Desert Symposium, Technical Report No. 10 82Los Angeles, California: Los Angeles County Museum121-122November 7-8, 1996SGMDRC Solar Energy02+Connell, S. G. Wells, S. G. Anderson, K. C. 1994Investigations of surficial processes active on fan pavement surfaces using tilted carbonate collars, Providence Mountains, California McGill, S. F. Ross, T. M.O~Geological Investigations of an active margin: Geological Society of America 27th Annual Cordilleran Section Metting GuidebookSGMDRC Earth Science*#Daly, H. V. Hoelmer, K. Gambino, P. 1991JDClinical geographic variation in feral honey bees in California, USA Apidologie226o591-609m2885012-{Hymenoptera (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Economic Entomology--Apiculture) (Invertebrata, General and Systematic Zoology--Insecta-Hymenoptera) (Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Insecta-Physiology) Invertebrates Arthropods Insects Body Size Adaptation Allens Rule Bergmanns Rule Ecotype Climate SGMDRC Biology EntomologyrFeral honey bees in California are mongrel populations, partially differentiated in morphometrics from managed colonies as well as from European subspecies. Most morphometric variables had low but significant correlations with environmental factors and clinal patterns of spatial autocorrelation with distance. Some measurements of body size exhibited Bergmann's Rule, but the hind legs did not exhibit Allen's Rule. The geographic variation is presumably adaptive and has developed within 138 years in the presence of a large, mobile beekeeping industry. Colonies of small worker bees in the warmer and drier regions of the state may represent an ecotype adapted to desert conditions.ELFDe Ley, I. T. De Ley, P. Baldwin, J. G. Mundo-Ocampo, M. Nadler, S. A. 1999b\Three new species of Nothacrobeles (Nemata: Cephalobidae) from the Mojave Desert, CaliforniaJournal of NematologyV314W482-4975370742Nematoda (Invertebrata, General andSystematic Zoology--Aschelminthes) (General Biology--Taxonomy, Nomenclature and Terminology) (Anatomy and Histology, General and Comparative--Gross Anatomy) (Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Aschelminthes) (Animal Distribution (1971- )) Aschelminths Helminths Invertebrates Taxonomic Key SGMDRC BiologyhbThree new species of Nothacrobeles are described from localities in the Mojave Desert, southern California. Nothacrobeles triniglarus n. sp. is characterized by the presence of a long post-vulval sac and three tubular adoral projections. Both N. spatulatus n. sp. and N. nanocorpus n. sp. are smaller than any other known species within the genus. Nothacrobeles spatulatus n. sp. has labial probolae that are short and spatulate without a basal ridge, whereas those of N. nanocorpus n. sp. are flattened and plate-like. Furthermore, N. nanocorpus n. sp. is unique by its extremely short esophageal corpus (less than 25 mum long in adult females) and the small size of its guard processes. An emended diagnosis of the genus is given to accommodate distinctive characteristics of these new species. A table comparing the 11 valid species of Nothacrobeles is presented. ; TAXONOMY Decker, W. 1985XRThe desert bighorn sheep of the Granite Mountains of the Mojave Desert, California  Santa Cruz University of California SenoreB8SGMDRC Biology Zoology reptiles Amphibians Mojave desertEast, M. 1988@9Survey of bighorn sheep habitats in the Granite Mountainse  Santa Cruz University of California SeniorBEffects of locomotor speed on hind limb kinematics of a lizardAmerican Zoologist345 14A1446184mzSauria (Behavioral Biology--Animal Behavior) (Biophysics--General Biophysical Studies) (Chordate Body Regions--Extremities (1970- )) (Movement (1971- )) (Chordata, General and Systematic Zoology--Reptilia) animals chordates nonhuman vertebrates reptiles vertebrates Bipedal Locomotion Foot Posture Meeting Abstract Quadrupedalism Stride Frequency SGMDRC Biology Zoology ReptilesCONFERENCE LITERATURE; Fieler, C. L. Jayne, B. C. 1995:4Effects of slope on hind limb kinematics of a lizardAmerican Zoologist355 146A2186233Sauria (Methods, Materials and Apparatus, General--Photography) (Radiation--Radiation and Isotope Techniques) (Behavioral Biology--Animal Behavior) (Biophysics--General Biophysical Techniques) (Chordate Body Regions--Extremities (1970- )) (Physiology, General and Miscellaneous--General) (Physiology, General and Miscellaneous--Exercise and Physical Therapy (1970- )) (Movement (1971- )) (Bones, Joints, Fasciae, Connective and Adipose Tissue--General; Methods) (Bones, Joints, Fasciae, Connective and Adipose Tissue--Anatomy) (Bones, Joints, Fasciae, Connective and Adipose Tissue--Physiology and Biochemistry) animals chordates nonhuman vertebrates reptiles vertebrates Hip Knee Locomotion Meeting Abstract Metatarsals Videotape SGMDRC Biology Zoology ReptilesCONFERENCE LITERATURE;(!Fieler, Carrie L. Jayne, Bruce C.s 1998VOEffects of speed on the hindlimb kinematics of the lizard Dipsosaurus Edorsalis&Journal of Experimental Biologyi 2014j609-6223911524k>8Sauria (Physiology, General and Miscellaneous--General) (Chordate Body Regions--Extremities (1970- )) (Physiology, General and Miscellaneous--Exercise and Physical Therapy (1970- )) (Movement (1971- )) Reptiles Hindlimb Kinematics Locomotion Plantigrade Foot Posture Sprawling Limb Posture SGMDRC Biology ZoologyLizards are the most diverse extant lineage of vertebrates believed to have retained the sprawling limb posture of ancestral tetrapods and, although the sprinting speeds of lizards are well documented, quantitative analyses of limb movements are lacking. We therefore examined a wide range of steady running speeds to quantify variation in the kinematics of a morphologically generalized hindlimb in the lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis. From speeds of 50 to 350 cm s-1, stride length, step length and stride frequency all had significant curvilinear increases from 13.3 to 39.4 cm, from 8.9 to 12.8 cm and from 3.9 to 8.6 Hz, respectively, whereas duty factor (percentage of cycle when foot is on ground) decreased from 63 to 34% with increased speed. For five standardized speeds ranging from 50 to 250 cm s-1, analyses of variance detected highly significant (P < 0.001) effects of speed on 27 out of a total of 46 kinematic variables. The height of the hip at the time of footfall increased significantly with increased speed, whereas the amount of pelvic rotation in the horizontal plane (mean 36degree) per stride was unaffected by speed. The orientation of the long axis of the foot changed by nearly 50degree with increased speed such that the foot was nearly straight forward at 250 cm s-1, and at high speeds the heel often did not touch the ground. The effective length of the limb at footfall nearly doubled with increased speed as a combined result of increased plantar flexion and knee extension and a more erect femur. The pervasive effects of speed on hindlimb kinematics observed for this species do not conform simply with previous generalizations of lizards as having plantigrade foot posture and sprawling limbs.Access restricted.$http://www.biologists.com/JEB/Frazier, Tamaraa 1996Sexual size dimorphism, mating sysytems, and sexual selection for large males in the digger wasp, Microembex (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) Daviso University of California Ph. D. SGMDRC Biology Entomology 9^87H65x4@321 RFrazier, Tamara 1997A dynamic model of mating behavior in digger wasps: The energetics of male-male competition mimic size-dependent thermal constraints*#Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiologyi416j423-4343705709(Behavioral Biology--Animal Behavior) (Evolution) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Biophysics--Biocybernetics (1972- )) (Metabolism--Energy and Respiratory Metabolism) (Reproductive System--General; Methods) (Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Insecta-Physiology) Activity Pattern Dynamic Model Energetics Male-Male Competition Mating Behavior Sexual Selection Size Dependence Territoriality Thermal Constraints SGMDRC Biology EntomologyXQI develop a state-based dynamic model of behavior to demonstrate that size-dependent differences in temperature tolerances are not necessary to account for the activity of small male digger wasps late in the day. In the model, males defend or patrol the nesting area, wait near nests, or feed away from the nesting area depending on time of day, energy reserves and size rank. I assume a large male competitive advantage, so mating opportunities decrease with size rank for territorial or patrolling males and are rare for all waiting males, the costs of patrolling or defense are higher than the costs of waiting. If energy reserves of all males are initially small, all males alternate feeding and territorial or patrolling behavior. If energy reserves are initially large, large males patrol or maintain territories until they risk starvation and leave the area to feed. At this time, smaller males that have conserved their resources by waiting and feeding may defend territories or patrol. I simulate the behavior of three populations representing two species of Microbembex by assuming large initial energy reserves for populations in which males were territorial and small initial reserves for populations in which males patrolled, and then convert the predicted time of activity to temperature using local regressions from field studies. Temporal patterns in the activity of large and small males were similar to those actually observed, and relationships between size and temperature predicted by the model corresponded to most observations and were sometimes positive. Thus, the delayed activity of smaller males does not correspond to activity at higher temperatures and is probably not attributable to size-dependent thermal tolerances, but may represent a temporal displacement of mating activity due to intrasexual competition and mediated by energetics. The model makes testable predictions on the timing of feeding and depletion of energy reserves in relation to size and initial energy state, and suggests how differences among species may influence the temporal and spatial organization of male mating behavior.Access restricted.http://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00265/bibs/7041006/70410423.htm http://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00265/papers/7041006/70410423.pdf http://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00265/index.htmlFrick, Winifred 19996/A guide to the lizards of the Granite Mountains  Santa Cruz University of California Senior4-SGMDRC Biology Zoology Reptiles Mojave Desertj*#Gambino, P. Hoelmer, K. Daly, H. V. 199081Nest sites of feral honey bees in California, USAr Apidologie211; 35-46i3940669Angiospermae Fagaceae Hymenoptera (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Forestry and Forest Products) (Economic Entomology--Trees, Ornamentals and Wood Products) (Economic Entomology--Apiculture) (Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Insecta-Physiology) Vascular plants Spermatophytes Angiosperms Dicots Invertebrates Arthropods Insects Oak Hardwoods Nidification SGMDRC Biology Botany Entomologyf_Nest site characteristics are described for 94 honey bee nests in trees, 17 in the ground, and 82 in man-made structures. Nests were in trees of mean diameter 85 cm primarily in live hardwoods, especially oaks. Entrances were mostly single knots or cracks in the main trunk at ground level and up to a mean height of 2.5 m. Most nests in the ground were in treeless areas; half had partially exposed combs, possibly aiding ventilation. Nests in buildings differed from those in trees by having smaller entrances. Compass orientation of comb in natural nest sites was commonly from 145.degree. - 195.degree..s Greene, Harry W. Luke, C.\ 1996&Reptile and amphibian diversity\NHProceedings of the East Mojave Desert Symposium, Technical Report No. 10 Los Angeles, California Los Angeles County MuseumW 53-58WNovember 7-8, 1996>8SGMDRC Biology Zoology Reptiles Amphibians Mojave DesertGriswold, T. L.s 1986Bm`l`kj@iZh,g$f(ed Lancaster, N. 1990,%Paleoclimatic evidence from sand seas6/Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology76 3-4279-2904010939le(Ecology; Environmental Biology--Bioclimatology and Biometeorology) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Limnology) (External Effects--Physical and Mechanical Effects (1970- )) (Geological Periods--Pleistocene (1971- )) (Geological Periods--Recent (1971- ) ) Lacustrine Deposition Desert Wind Pattern Rainfall Quaternary Holocene SGMDRC Earth Science Sand DunesSand seas can be an important source of information on the Quaternary history of many deserts. Because sand seas appear to react sensitively to climatic changes, the quality of palaeoenvironmental information obtained from them is frequently much better than that from adjacent rocky desert areas. Patterns of dune alignments may be used to reconstruct the wind directions that formed currently inactive or fixed dunes and thus can provide information on palaeocirculation patterns. The climatic conditions under which these dunes formed can be examined using palaeoclimatic models to explore the combinations of wind velocity, rainfall and evaporation rates required to reactivate them. Choice of appropriate values for these parameters may be hampered by the problems of dating episodes of dune activity. In many sand seas, the best palaeoclimatic information comes from studies of interdune lacustrine or playa deposits, which may reflect increased local rainfall or higher groundwater discharge, or greater penetration of the sand sea by rivers with headwaters outside the desert. Caution should be taken in the interpretation of such deposits, for juxtaposition of aquatic and aeolian environments can occur even in modern hyperarid sand seas. The record of climatic changes preserved in the deposits of modern sand seas suggests that periods of dune formation may have been interrupted by long period of stability, which may also have included deposition of interdune lacustrine deposits. For example, within the past 40,000 years, active dune formation in many sand seas appears to have been restricted to the interval between about 20,000 and 12,000 yr B.P., and to the late Holocene (approximately 1/4 to 1/3rd of the time). Lancaster, N.d 1990LFDune morphology and chronology, Kelso Dunes, Mojave Desert, California:4Abstracts and Programs Geological Society of America227 A86&SGMDRC Sand dunes Earth ScienceONGLancaster, N. Wintle, A. G. Edwards, S. R. Duller, G. Tchakerian, V. P. 1991hbChronology of aeolian activity at Kelso Dunes: evidence from liminescence dating of dune sediments:4Abstracts and Programs Geological Society of America23 A355Earth Science SGMDRC*$Lancaster, N. Gaddis, L. Greeley, R. 1992TNNew airborne imaging radar observations of sand dunes: Kelso Dunes, California$Remote Sensing of Environment)393r233-2382507880jnhPlantae-Unspecified (Methods, Materials and Apparatus, General--Field Methods) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Plant) (Soil Science--General; Methods (1970- )) (Soil Science--Genesis, Morphology, Classification, Geology) Dune Topography Vegetation Effect Geology Remote Sensing Field Method Usa SGMDRC Earth Science Botany Sand Dunes Mojave Desert Kelso DunesHigh resolution multiple wavelength and polarization radar data of Kelso Dunes were acquired during the Mojave Field Experiment. They offer the opportunity to develop criteria for the selection of optimal wavelengths and polarizations for imaging of dune areas. The backscatter from unvegetated dune surfaces at all wavelengths (C-, L-, and P-band) with direct (HH, VV) polarization is largely controlled by dune topography and incidence angle. These data (especially P-band) provide the best images of dune topography. The best discrimination between active and inactive dunes is obtained by cross-polarized C-band data (CVH, CHV) as a result of multiple-scattering from vegetation and small-topography (e.g., shadow dunes). Lancaster, N. 1993<5Development of Kelso Dunes, Mojave Desert, CaliforniaiResearch & Exploration9e4444-459 Res Explor126591332+Multidisciplinary-AGRI Earth Science SGMDRC[F@Agriculture, Biology, & Environmental Science (AGRI) V25 N03 FAL Lancaster, N.i 1994jdControls on aeolian activity - some new perspectives from the Kelso Dunes, Mojave Desert, California"Journal of Arid Environments272s113-125sJ Arid Environ12205202("Environment/Ecology Biology SGMDRCF@Agriculture, Biology, & Environmental Science (AGRI) V25 N31 JUNLancaster, Nicholas  1995$Geomorphology of desert duneso,%Routledge physical environment series{ London ; New Yorkr  Routledge{xix, 290"0415060931 041506094X (pbk)10209409UCB Earth Sci GB632 .L36 1995 UCD Shields GB632.L36 1995 UCLA SEL/Geol GB 632 L36 1995 UCR Science GB632 .L36 1995 UCSB Main Lib Sci-Eng GB632 .L36 1995 UCSC Science GB632 .L36 1995 UCSD Scripps Floor 3 GB632 .L36 1995.'Sand dunes Deserts Earth Science SGMDRCVONicholas Lancaster. Includes bibliographical references (p. 258-279) and index.n Lancaster, N.t 1995 Kelso Dunes "Reynolds, R. E. Reynolds, J.0*Ancient Surfaces of the East Mojave Desert Redlands, California "San Bernardino County Museum 42(3) 47-52&SGMDRC Sand dunes Earth Science. Lappin, A. K. 19950)Trophic morphology of crotaphytid lizardsAmerican Zoologist355 134A2186191oSauria (Behavioral Biology--General and Comparative Behavior) (Behavioral Biology--Animal Behavior) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Anatomy and Histology, General and Comparative--Comparative Anatomy (1971- )) (Physiology, General and Miscellaneous--Comparative (1970- )) (Nutrition--General Dietary Studies) (Digestive System--General; Methods) (Muscle--Anatomy) (Bones, Joints, Fasciae, Connective and Adipose Tissue--Anatomy) (Dental and Oral Biology--Anatomy) (Chordata, General and Systematic Zoology--Reptilia) animals chordates nonhuman vertebrates reptiles vertebrates Diet Jaws Meeting Abstract Myology Osteology Prey Capture Behavior Stomach Contents SGMDRC BiologyrCONFERENCE LITERATURE; Lappin, A. K. 19962,Feeding ecomorphology of crotaphytid lizardsAmerican Zoologist365 19A2927397aSauria (Behavioral Biology--Animal Behavior) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Biophysics--General Biophysical Studies) (Nutrition--General Studies, Nutritional Status and Methods) (Dental and Oral Biology--Physiology and Biochemistry) animals chordates nonhuman vertebrates reptiles vertebrates Bite Force Parameter Diet Feeding Behavior Feeding Ecomorphology Gape Angle Oral System Terrestrial Ecology SGMDRC Biology; CONFERENCE LITERATUREp Lappin, A. K. 1997ZSSexual dimorphism and resource use: The role of performance as a causal explanation\American Zoologist375t 199A37535339hbSauria (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Genetics and Cytogenetics--Sex Differences) (Nutrition--General Studies, Nutritional Status and Methods) (Dental and Oral Biology--Physiology and Biochemistry) Reptiles Bite Force Food Resource Intersexual Dietary Divergence Prey Availability Resource Use Sexual Dimorphism Meeting Abstract SGMDRC BiologyCONFERENCE LITERATURE;`~6}<|{z4yZxwvut@sHrqTpRoLappin, A. K. Dickie, R. 1997PJTails of crotaphytid lizards: Evolutionary morphology and biological rolesAmerican Zoologist375  29An3752916Z.'Sauria (Chordata, General and Systematic Zoology--Reptilia) (Evolution) (Chordate Body Regions--Extremities (1970- )) (Movement (1971- )) (Bones, Joints, Fasciae, Connective and Adipose Tissue--Anatomy) Reptiles Comparative Phylogeny Locomotion Predatory Behavior Meeting Abstract SGMDRC BiologyOCONFERENCE LITERATURE; Lappin, A. K. 1997pjFeeding ecomorphology of crotaphytid lizards: Using bite force performance to link morphology to behaviourJournal of MorphologyA 23223f 2843287222O Sauria (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Anatomy and Histology, General and Comparative--Comparative Anatomy (1971- )) (Nutrition--General Studies, Nutritional Status and Methods) (Dental and Oral Biology--Anatomy) (Chordata, General and Systematic Zoology--Reptilia) animals chordates nonhuman vertebrates reptiles vertebrates Behavior Bite Force Performance Dental and Oral System Ecological Variation Feeding Ecomorphology Interspecific Trends Jaw Kinematic Analysis Morphology Skeletal System Skull SGMDRC Biology10*; CONFERENCE LITERATURE Access restricted.82http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0362-2525 Lappin, A. K.; 1998NHEcomorphological evolution of the feeding biology of crotaphytid lizardsAmerican Zoologist385 201A4558075BSauria (Chordata, General and Systematic Zoology--Reptilia) (Behavioral Biology--Animal Behavior) (Nutrition--General Studies, Nutritional Status and Methods) (Dental and Oral Biology--General; Methods) Reptiles Bite-Force Performance Dietary Ecology Ecomorphological Evolution Feeding Behavior Feeding Biology Musculo-Skeletal Structure Trophic Apparatus Meeting Abstract SGMDRC Biology1CONFERENCE LITERATURE; Lawlor, E. J. 1989HBTaphonomy of phytoliths in the Mojave Desert: a preliminary resultB;54th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeologyy Atlanta, Georgia & Society for American Archaeology.(SGMDRC Archaeology Biology Mojave Desert Lawlor, E. J.d 1992d]Effects of Mojave desert rodents and harvester ants on carbonized seeds: preliminary results.e2+23rd Graet Basin Anthropological Conference\  Boise, Idaho SGMDRC Biology Archaeology`YManuscript on file at the Department of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside Lawlor, E. J. 1993~The formation of phytolith (plant silica) deposits: cultural and environmental processes in California's Eastern Mojave DesertB;58th Annual Meeting of the Society for American ArchaeologyT St. Louis, Missouri April 14 -18.(SGMDRC Archaeology Culture Earth Science Lawlor, E. J. 1993|vAccounting for bias in assemblages recovered by floatation: results of experiments with Mojave Desert rodents and ants<516th Annual Conference of the Society of Ethnobiology Boston, Massachusetts March 11 - 14p Archaeology Culture SGMDRC\UManuscript on file at Department of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside  Lawlor, E. J.d 1994D>Archaeobotanical site-formation processes in the Mojave Desert Kelso, California f`Sweeney Granite Mountain Desert Research Center, University of California Natural Reserve System Archaeology Culture SGMDRC Final Report Lawlor, E. J.d 1994HBSite-formation processes affecting phytoliths in the Mojave DesertB;59th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology Anaheim, California Culture Archaeology SGMDRCLawlor, Elizabeth Jane 1995ZTArchaeological site-formation processes affecting plant remains in the Mojave Desert  Riverside University of Californiaxxiv, 603 leaves Ph. D.10329741D=UCR Rivera E99.P2 .L39 1995 UCR SpCol Thesis E99.P2 .L39 1995University of California, Riverside. Dept. of Anthropology Dissertations. Paiute Indians Ethnobotany California Mojave Desert Paiute Indians Social life and customs Chemehuevi Indians Ethnobotany California Mojave Desert Plant remains (Archaeology) California Mojave Desert Paleoethnobotany California Mojave Desert Indians of North America California Antiquities Prehistoric peoples Food Mojave Desert (Calif.) Antiquities. Dissertations, Academic UCR Anthropology SGMDRC Archaeology Culture Botanyeby Elizabeth Jane Lawlor. Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Riverside, 1995. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 387-441)lehttp://wwwlib.umi.com/pqdd2/search/do?query=au%28Lawlor%2C%20Elizabeth%20Jane%29%20and%20da%281995%29h Lawlor, E. J.d 1996f_Experimental investigations of cultural and environmental formation processes (Poster Abstract)u2+Proceedings of East Mojave Desert Symposiuml Los Angeles, CaliforniaR Los Angeles County MuseumRTechnical Report No. 10103-104November 7-8, 1996 Archaeology Culture SGMDRC,%Lee, D. Christensen, D. D. Dickey, J.C 1999PICultural resources of the Granite Mountains, California (Poster Abstract)r4.Proceedings of Mojave Desert Science Symposium 6/University of California, Riverside, California .'USGS Western Ecological Research CenterSGMDRC CultureLeebins-Mach, J. submittedrJHost specificity and tale of two yucca moth species in a Yucca hybrid zone9> EvolutionBiology SGMDRC  Levy, J. N.e 19952,Status of the Martin's swallowtail butterfly 4-California Department of Parks and Recreation Entomology Biology SGMDRC Luke, Claudial 1989ZColor as a phenotypically plastic character in the side-blotched lizard, Uta stansburnianaI Berkeley University of California Ph. D.Z)SGMDRC Biology Reptiles Uta stansburnianafLuke, C. 19942+Evolution of color change in desert lizards Brown, P. R. Wright, J. W.0)Herpetology of the North American Deserts Van Nuys, California *#Southwestern Herpetologists' League"Special Publications, No. 5143-157&Sauria SGMDRC evolution Biologyg4-Luke, Claudia Andr, Jim Herring, Margaret J.i 1996ngProceedings of the East Mojave Desert Symposium, 7-8 November 1992, University of California, Riverside Los Angeles, Calif. 2,Natural History Museum of Los Angeles Countyvi, 164v10610821UCB Earth Sci QH105.C2 E37 1992 UCLA Biomed QH 105 C2 E13p 1992 UCR Science QH1 .T43 no.10 1996 CAS Mailliard // Serials Q11 .L686 no.10Natural history California Mojave Desert Congresses Biological diversity California Mojave Desert Congresses Land use California Mojave Desert Congresses Mojave Desert (Calif.) Congresses. Mojave Desert (Calif.) Antiquities Congresses. Biology SGMDRCNGEast Mojave Desert Symposium (1992 : University of California, Riverside) edited by Claudia Luke, Jim Andr, and Margaret Herring. Technical reports / Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County no. 10 Includes bibliographical references (p. 157-163). Technical reports (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County) ; no. 10.8& McAuliffe, J. R. McDonald, E. V. 1995tnA piedmont landscape in the eastern Mojave Desert: examples of linkages between biotic and physical components "Reynolds, R. E. Reynolds, J.0*Ancient Surfaces of the East Mojave Desert Redlands, California "San Bernardino County Museum 42(3) 53-64Biology SGMDRC $n:RMcDonald, E. V.n 1994The relative influence of climatic change, desert dust, and lithologic control on soil-geomorphic processes and hydrology of calcic soils formed on Quartenary alluvial fan deposits in the Mojave Desert, California  Riverside University of California Ph.D. Earth Science SGMDRC2,McDonald, E. V. McFadden, L. D. Wells, S. G. 1994Geomorphic response of alluvial fans and eolian deposits during the Pleistocene-Holocene climatic transition, Mojave Desert, California:4Abstracts and Programs Geological Society of America267 A447Earth Science SGMDRC2,McDonald, E. V. McFadden, L. D. Wells, S. G. 1995The relative influences of climate change, desert dust, and lithologic control on soil-geomorphic processes on alluvial fans, Mojave Desert, California: summary of results "Reynolds, R. E. Reynolds, J.0*Ancient Surfaces of the East Mojave Desert Redlands, California "San Bernardino County Museum 42(3) 35-42Earth Science SGMDRC2,McDonald, E. V. McFadden, L. D. Wells, S. G. 1996`YThe influence of dust, lithology, and microtopography on the formation of desert pavementi6/Proceedings of the East Mojave Desert Symposium Los Angeles, CaliforniaS Los Angeles County MuseumoTechnical Report No. 10- 85-8617-8 November 1996Earth Science SGMDRCHAMcDonald, E. V. Pierson, F. B. Flerchinger, G. N. McFadden, L. D.s 1996Application of a soil-water balance model to evaluate the influence of holocene climate change on calcic soils, Mojave Desert, California, USAGeoderma74 3-4a167-192Geoderma9776258B0)Agriculture/Agronomy Earth Science SGMDRCF?Agriculture, Biology, & Environmental Science (AGRI) V28 N8 DEC0*McFadden, L. D. Ritter, J. B. Wells, S. G. 1989Use of multiparameter relative-age methods for age estimation and correlation of alluvial fan surfaces on a desert piedmont, eastern Mojave Desert, CaliforniaQuaternary Researchi323E 276-90Quat. Res. (USA)5521039.tmGeochronology Geology Geomorphology Geophysical techniques Particle size Sediments Soil Fan surfaces correlation Holocene desert pavements Holocene deposits discrimination Water-laid sediments Atmospheric dust in flux Clast size SW United States Fan depositional character usa Desert varnish Multiparameter relative-age methods Age estimation Alluvial fan surfaces Desert piedmont Eastern Mojave Desert California Late Quaternary alluvial fan deposits Soda Mountains piedmont Lithologic composition Varnish cover Holocene surfaces Late Pleistocene surfaces Soil-profile development Pedogenic features Earth Science SGMDRCe>8Numerical and calibrated age determinations of the late Quaternary alluvial fan deposits of the Soda Mountains piedmont in the Mojave Desert provide an opportunity to study the utility of the multiparameter relative-age (RA) method for distinguishing and mapping geomorphic surfaces on a desert piedmont. Most RA parameters could not discriminate between deposits of Holocene age, although pavements have formed over locally significant parts of surfaces as young as middle Holocene. Several parameters, including lithologic composition, particle size, soil development, and varnish cover, permit distinguishing between Holocene surfaces and late Pleistocene surfaces. Statistically significant differences in initial particle size and lithology of the deposits create conditions unfavorable for use of most RA techniques. In contrast, soil-profile development and varnish cover data are successful in discrimination among deposits of Holocene and Pleistocene age. This is attributed to the development of pedogenic features and varnish that are strongly dependent on dust influx.Article04.McFadden, L. D. Crossey, L. J. McDonald, E. V. 1990vpPredicted response of calci soil development to periods of significantly wetter climate during the late Holocene:4Abstracts and Programs Geological Society of America22 A87Earth Science SGMDRC:3McFadden, L. D. Wells, S. G. Brown, W. J. Enzel, Y.5 1992Soil genesis on beach ridges of pluvial lake Mojave: Implications for Holocene Lacustrine and Eolian events in the Mojave Desert, southern CaliforniaY Catena191  77-97G2538331g (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Limnology) (Soil Science--Genesis, Morphology, Classification, Geology) (Geological Periods--Pleistocene (1971- )) (Geological Periods--Recent (1971- ) ) Radiocarbon Dating Water Infiltration California Usa Earth Science SGMDRCSilver Lake and Soda Lake playas, Mojave Desert, California [USA], are bounded by locally well preserved shoreline features that reflect the presence of pluvial Lake Mojave. A well preserved sequence of five beach ridges is present in the northernmost part of Silver Lake playa. Radiocarbon dating show that the topographically highest three beach ridges range from < 13,600 to approximately 9,000 years in age. Soils have formed primarily in a sandy eolian mantle that was deposited on top of the higher three beach ridges after the drying of Lake Mojave, between 6,000 and 9,000 yrs B.P. Minimal soil development had occurred in gravelly beach deposits prior to this time period. Weakly developed soils occur in gravelly sandy deposits of the two lower, undated beach ridges. Morphological, textural, and chemical analyses of the soils indicate that eolian processes have strongly influenced soil development on beach ridges. The accumulation of eolian sand on the gravelly beach ridge soils influences pedogeneis because of the lower permeability and shallower depth of water infiltration in sand compared to that of the highly permeable beach gravels. Soil formation has also intensified by the presence of playas that provided a source of silt, clay and salts. The degree of soil development in the lowest beach ridges indicates several lake stands in Silver Lake playa during the past 6,000 years. These may be as young as the latest Holocene, as supported by radiometrically dated lacustrine sediments from Silver Lake playa.2,McFadden, L. D. McDonald, E. V. Wells, S. G. 1994:4A model of vesicular crust formation in desert soils:4Abstracts and Programs Geological Society of America267a A87rEarth Science SGMDRC,&McFadden, S. C. Chan, C. Adolph, S. C. 1998bGene flow among populations of the lizard Sceloporus occidentalis in Southern California mountains*AAmerican Zoologist385e 197A4559781eSauria (Ecology; Environmental Biology--General; Methods) (Genetics and Cytogenetics--Animal) Reptiles Climate Gene Flow Thermal Environment Meeting Abstract SGMDRC BiologyCONFERENCE LITERATURE; ( 82McGwire, Kenneth Minor, Timothy Fenstermaker, Lynn 2000b[Hyperspectral mixture modeling for quantifying sparse vegetation cover in arid environments\$Remote Sensing of EnvironmentS723S360-3745588561S&Plantae-Unspecified (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Plant) (Methods, Materials and Apparatus, General--Field Methods) (Biophysics--Biocybernetics (1972- )) (Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics--Apparatus and Methods) Arid Environment Hyperspectral Mixture Model SGMDRC BiologyA linear mixture model based on calibrated, atmospherically corrected Probe-1 hyperspectral imagery was compared with three vegetation indices to test its relative ability to measure small differences in percent green vegetative cover for areas of sparse vegetation in arid environments. The goal of this research was to compare multispectral and hyperspectral remote sensing approaches for detecting human disturbance of arid environments. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was tested using both narrow and broad band-widths. Broadband NDVI provided results (r2=0.6.3) similar to NDVI derived from individual hyperspectral channels (r2=0.60). While the soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) was designed as an improvement to NDVI for sparse vegetation, in this study SAVI performed significantly worse than NDVI (r2=0.51). The modified soil-adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI) provided an insignificant improvement over NDVI (r2=0.64). Linear mixture modeling provided significantly better results, r2 of 0.74. Cross-validation was used to test the significance of differences between the various methods and to determine the standard error associated with each method. Results suggest that any improvements provided by adjusted vegetation indices over NDVI may be strongly dependent on those adjustments being derived from local conditions. The use of a linear mixture model with multiple soil end-members appears to provide the best method for quantifying sparse vegetative cover. Though present in small amounts, a single plant species, Krameria erecta, was strongly correlated with residuals of the mixture model. Inclusion of a spectral endmember for this species increased the r2 of the fit with percent green cover to 0.86. However, it is not clear if the explained variation was actually due to K. erecta or a correlated phenomena. Problems were also identified with the use of multiple vegetation endmembers.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?*ob=GatewayURL&*origin=CDL&*urlversion=3&*method=citationSearch&*volkey=00344257%2372%23360&*version=1&md5=fda3230228ad5974d29b9a5547b44604 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00344257,&Minckley, R. L. Cane, J. H. Kervin, L. 1997`YResource specialization and the spatial and temporal predictability of a desert bee guildl4-Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America784 SUPPLj 2863571414jZygophyllaceae Hymenoptera (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Plant) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) angiosperms animals arthropods dicots insects invertebrates plants spermatophytes vascular plants Creosote Bush Desert Bee Guild Jaccard's Index Resource Specialization Spatial Predictability Species Turnover Temporal Predictability Terrestrial Ecology Vegetation Type SGMDRC Biology Entomology; CONFERENCE LITERATUREsF@Minckley, Robert L. Cane, James H. Kervin, Linda Roulston, T. H. 1999ySpatial predictability and resource specialization of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) at a superabundant, widespread resourcej0)Biological Journal of the Linnean Societyl671e119-147e4826345arlPlantae-Unspecified Zygophyllaceae Hymenoptera (Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Insecta-General) (Evolution) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--General; Methods) Angiosperms Arthropods Dicots Insects Invertebrates Spermatophytes Vascular Plants Resource Specialization Spatial Predictability SGMDRC Biology Entomology  For reciprocal specialization (coevolution) to occur among floral visitors and their host plants the interactions must be temporally and spatially persistent. However, studies repeatedly have shown that species composition and relative abundance of floral visitors vary dramatically at all spatial and temporal scales. We test the hypothesis that, on average, pollen specialist bee species occur more predictably at their floral hosts than pollen generalist bee species. Taxonomic floral specialization reaches its extreme among species of solitary, pollen-collecting bees, yet few studies have considered how pollen specialization by floral visitors influences their spatial constancy. We test this hypothesis using an unusually diverse bee guild that visits creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), the most widespread, dominant plant of the warm deserts of North America. Twenty-two strict pollen specialist and 80+ generalist bee species visit Larrea for its floral resources. The sites we sampled were separated by 0.5 to > 1450 km, and spanned three distinct deserts and four vegetation zones. We found that species of Larrea pollen specialist bees occurred at more sites and tended to be more abundant than generalists. Surprisingly, spatial turnover was high for both pollen specialist and generalist bee species at all distances, and species composition of samples from sites 1-5 km apart varied as much as repeat samples made at single sites. Nevertheless, the pattern of bee species turnover was not haphazard. As distance among sites increased faunal similarity of sites decreased. Faunal similarities among sites within 250 km of each other were generally greater than if randomly distributed over all sites (the null model). No single ecological category of species (widespread, localized, Larrea pollen specialist, floral generalist) accounted for this spatial predictability. Evidently, concordant local distribution patterns of many ecologically diverse species contribute to the non-random spatial pattern. The ecological dominance of creosote bush does not confer obvious ecological advantages to its specialist floral visitors. Spatial turnover is comparable to that found for bee guilds from other biogeographic regions of the world and is not therefore limited to those bee species that inhabit highly seasonal climates, such as deserts. Philopatry and differences in bloom predictability among sites are probably more important causes for spatial turnover of bee species than are interspecific competition for nest sites or floral resources.Access restricted.lehttp://www.idealibrary.com/links/citation/0024-4066/67/119 http://www.idealibrary.com/links/toc/bijl/yVSecor, Stephen M.) 1994]Ecological significance of movements and activity range for the sidewinder, Crotalus cerastesoL Copeia 19943631-645j1124555f_Serpentes (Genetics and Cytogenetics--Sex Differences) (Circadian Rhythms and Other Periodic Cycles) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Bioclimatology and Biometeorology) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Movement (1971- )) (Temperature: Its Measurement, Effects and Regulation--Thermorhythms) (Developmental Biology-Embryology--Morphogenesis, General) (Chordata, General and Systematic Zoology--Reptilia) animals chordates nonhuman vertebrates reptiles vertebrates Adult Body Weight Gender Differences Juvenile Neonate Overwintering Seasonality Snout-Vent Length Survival SGMDRC Biology Mojave Desert  This paper describes the effects of sex, age, and time of year on movements and activity ranges of a desert-adapted viperid snake, the sidewinder (Crotalus cerastes). In the eastern Mojave Desert, male sidewinders traveled ( high vinculum x plus-minus 1 SE = 185.4 plus-minus 17.1 m) significantly farther than nongravid females ( high vinculum x = 122.9 plus-minus 10.1 m) within 24-h periods. This was chiefly a result of lengthy movements by adult males during the spring and fall mating seasons. Subadult sidewinders (2-3 yr old, high vinculum x = 223.1 plus-minus 25.3 m) moved significantly greater distances than neonates (13 months, high vinculum x = 125.5 plus-minus 22.0 m), juveniles (6 months-2 yr, high vinculum x = 148.3 plus-minus 14.3 m), and adults ( gt 3 yr, high vinculum x = 123.8 plus-minus 12.1 m). Movements by all snakes were longest during the summer ( high vinculum x = 191.2 plus-minus 17.7 m). Actual distances traveled averaged more than twice the straight-line distances between the beginning and end of movements, demonstrating the distinct tortuosity of C. cerastes movements. Sidewinders traveled on average 60% of the days monitored during their activity season (April-Oct.), with a resultant mean daily distance traveled of 117.8 plus-minus 11.2 m/day. Although direction of travel was generally random, sidewinders exhibited significant directionality during the fall as they moved eastwardly to the sand-alluvial interface of the study site to overwinter. I speculate that overwintering in rodent burrows at the sand-alluvial interface increases overwintering survival because of decreased likelihood of exposure to freezing subsurface temperatures, greater structural stability of burrows, and lower risk of predation. Activity ranges of C. cerastes, calculated by minimum convex polygon ( high vinculum x = 23.2 plus-minus 2.8 ha) and harmonic mean ( high vinculum x = 20.9 plus-minus 2.6 ha) methods, are among the largest documented for snakes. For this population of sidewinders, there were no significant differences in activity range size between sexes or age classes (subadult vs adult). Core areas of activity (harmonic mean 50% isopleths) averaged 9.2 plus-minus 0.9% of total activity range size (harmonic mean 95% isopleths) and also did not differ in size between sexes and age classes. Activity range size did not correlate with body size (SVL and mass), although it did correlate with the number of locality coordinates used in its calculation. Activity ranges of individual sidewinders overlapped extensively on the study site, and snakes commonly shifted their centers of activity seasonally. Sidewinders moved their activity centers during the fall to the site's sand-alluvial edge and returned to the site's sandy region following emergence from hibernation. D ,&Minckley, R. L. Cane, J. H. Kervin, L. 2000TNOrigins and ecological consequences of pollen specialization among desert beesD>Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences Series B. 267k 1440265-271l5436405.'Zygophyllaceae (Ecology; Environmental Biology--General; Methods) (Behavioral Biology--Animal Behavior) (Nutrition--General Studies, Nutritional Status and Methods) (Botany, General and Systematic--Floristics and Distribution) (Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics--Reproduction) (Animal Distribution (1971- )) (Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Insecta-General) (Paleobiology) Angiosperms Dicots Spermatophytes Vascular Plants Abundance Biomass Chemical Coevolution Ecological Consequences Ecological Dominance Environmental Variations Floral Rewards Floristics Foraging Ecology Historical Biogeography Insect-Plant Interactions Nutrition Paleoecology Pollen Specialization: Origin Species Diversity Xeric Environment SGMDRC Biology Botany Entomology An understanding of the evolutionary origins of insect foraging specialization is often hindered by a poor biogeographical and palaeoecological record. The historical biogeography (20 000 years before present to the present) of the desert-limited plant, creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), is remarkably complete. This history coupled with the distribution pattern of its bee fauna suggests pollen specialization for creosote bush pollen has evolved repeatedly among bees in the Lower Sonoran and Mojave deserts. In these highly xeric, floristically depauperate environments, species of specialist bees surpass generalist bees in diversity, biomass and abundance. The ability of specialist bees to facultatively remain in diapause through resource-poor years and to emerge synchronously with host plant bloom in resource-rich years probably explains their ecological dominance and persistence in these areas. Repeated origins of pollen specialization to one host plant where bloom occurs least predictably is a counter-example to prevailing theories that postulate such traits originate where the plant grows best and blooms most reliably. Host-plant synchronization, a paucity of alternative floral hosts, or flowering attributes of creosote bush alone or in concert may account for the diversity of bee specialists that depend on this plant instead of nutritional factors or chemical coevolution between floral rewards and the pollinators they have evolved to attract. Moon, Brad 1988rkBiogeography of a desert mountain herpetofauna: the Providence Mountains, eastern Mojave Desert, Californiay  Santa Cruz University of California SeniorD=SGMDRC Biology Biogeography Reptiles Amphibians Mojave Desert\ Morgan, K. R. Price, M. V. 1989HAForaging in Heteromyid Rodents the Energy Cost of Scratch-DigginglAmerican Zoologist294 167A47823296Heteromyidae (Behavioral Biology--Animal Behavior) (Metabolism--Energy and Respiratory Metabolism) (Nutrition--General Studies, Nutritional Status and Methods) Nonhuman vertebrates Nonhuman mammals Abstract SGMDRC Biology Rodents MammalsECONFERENCE LITERATUREm Morgan, K. R. Price, M. V. 1992HAForaging in Heteromyid Rodents the Energy Cost of Scratch-DiggingEcology (Tempe)736r 2260-2272t21969347yHeteromyidae (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Metabolism--Energy and Respiratory Metabolism) (Nutrition--General Studies, Nutritional Status and Methods) Nonhuman vertebrates Nonhuman mammals Microdipodops-Megacephalus Chaetodipus-Baileyi Allometry Ecological Energetics Seed Harvest Rate Metabolic Rate Foraging Efficiency North America SGMDRC Biology Mammals Rodents North American heteromyid rodents are alike in their primary seed harvesting behavior (scratch-digging), which is a potentially important component of their foraging energetics. The present study was designed to quantify the energy cost and efficiency ([Benefit-Cost]/Cost) of scratch-digging throughout the body size range represented among the Heteromyidae. The resting energy expenditure of bipeds was generally greater than that of quadrupeds on an equal body size basis, whereas their energy expenditure during scratch-digging (DMR) was equivalent. Seed concentration and substrate bulk-density did not markedly affect DMR, but seed concentration did alter the rate of seed harvest. Species differences in seed harvest rate were correlated with mode of locomotion, supporting the hypothesis that bipedality is correlated with specialization of the forelimbs for seed handling. In heteromyids, resting metabolic rate (RMR) was elevated by a factor of 1.5 over basal metabolic rate (BMR); DMR was elevated by a factor of 3.4 over BMR and by a factor of 2.3 over RMR. DMR, seed harvest rate, and the energy cost of scratch-digging on a per seed basis scaled with body mass to the 0.65, 0.31, and 0.33 powers, respectively. Although large bipedal heteromyids harvested seeds at more than twice the rates of small quadrupedal heteromyids, the unequal scaling of DMR and harvest rate makes them less efficient at scratch-digging. In comparison with other heteromyids, the kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops megacephalus) was exceptionally efficient at scratch-digging. Its higher efficiency may allow it to forage on sparsely distributed seeds in open areas where the energy return would be inadequate for larger bipeds. The pocket mouse (Chaetodipus baileyi) was exceptionally inefficient at scratch-digging. Its low efficiency in sand may be correlated with specialization for foraging in pebbly soils. For heteromyids of a given size, factors affecting pouching rate are most likely to determine foraging efficiency because DMR is essentially a fixed cost. Nagy, K. A.t 1988JCSeasonal patterns of water and energy balance in desert vertebratesr"Journal of Arid Environments142201-210r5548442sChelonia Sauria Galliformes Leporidae Sciuridae (Behavioral Biology--Animal Behavior) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Bioclimatology and Biometeorology) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Biochemistry--Physiological Water Studies (1970- )) (Metabolism--Energy and Respiratory Metabolism) (Nutrition--General Studies, Nutritional Status and Methods) (Bones, Joints, Fasciae, Connective and Adipose Tissue--Physiology and Biochemistry) Nonhuman vertebrates Reptiles Birds Nonhuman mammals Lagomorphs Antelope Ground Squirrel Chuckwalla Lizard Desert Tortoise Jackrabbit Sand Partridge Chukar Partridge Side-Blotched Lizard Diet Migration Fat Store Food Quality Adaptation Biology SGMDRCCONFERENCE LITERATURE & Nagy, Kenneth A. Peterson, C. C, 1991XQRelocating desert tortoises: nutritional (dietary protein content) considerations1 Sacramento, California "California Energy Commission22.'Biology SGMDRC Reptiles Desert Tortoisei Final Report xp@9Paisley, E. C. I. Lancaster, N. Gaddis, L. R. Greeley, R.a 1991lfDiscrimination of active and inactive sand from remote sensing: Kelso dunes, Mojave Desert, California$Remote Sensing of Environmentt373t153-1662986776i Plantae-Unspecified (General Biology--Conservation, Resource Management) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Plant) (Soil Science--Physics and Chemistry (1970- )) Vegetation Cover Desertification Monitoring Magnetite Landsat Thematic Mapper Usa Earth Science SGMDRCLandsat TM images, field data, and laboratory reflectance spectra were examined for the Kelso dunes, Mojave Desert, California to assess the use of visible and near-infrared (VNIR) remote sensing data to discriminate aeolian sand populations on the basis of spectral brightness. Results show that areas of inactive sand have a larger percentage of dark, fine-grained materials compared to those composed of active sand, which contain less dark fines and a higher percentage of quartz sand-size grains. Both areas are spectrally distinct in the VNIR, suggesting that VNIR spectral data can be used to discriminate active and inactive sand populations in the Mojave Desert. Analysis of laboratory spectra was complicated by the presence of magnetite in the active sands, which decreases their laboratory reflectance values to those of inactive sands. For this application, comparison of TM and laboratory spectra suggests that less than 35% vegetation cover does not influence the TM spectra.Peterson, C. C. 1990]Facultative osmoregulation during chronic drought by the desert tortoise, Xerobates agassiziisJAmerican Zoologist304 125A4107334d^Chelonia (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Biochemistry--Physiological Water Studies (1970- )) (Nutrition--General Studies, Nutritional Status and Methods) (Blood, Blood-Forming Organs and Body Fluids--Blood and Lymph Studies) Nonhuman vertebrates Reptiles Abstract Food Availability Plasma Solute Concentration SGMDRC Biology Desert TortoiseCONFERENCE LITERATURETPeterson, C. C. 1992NHEnergetics of free-living desert tortoises seasonal and climatic effectsAmerican Zoologist325 42A2594931Chelonia (Evolution) (Behavioral Biology--Animal Behavior) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Bioclimatology and Biometeorology) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Physiology, General and Miscellaneous--Exercise and Physical Therapy (1970- )) (Metabolism--General Metabolism; Metabolic Pathways) Nonhuman vertebrates Reptiles Abstract Evolution Adaptation Resource Availability Behavior SGMDRC Biology Desert TortoiseCONFERENCE LITERATUREiPeterson, Charles C. 1994tDifferent rates and causes of high mortality in two populations of the threatened desert tortoise Gopherus agassiziibBiological Conservation702101-108n1212258iLEChelonia (General Biology--Conservation, Resource Management) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Bioclimatology and Biometeorology) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Wildlife Management-Terrestrial) (Biochemistry--Physiological Water Studies (1970- )) (Pathology, General and Miscellaneous--Necrosis (1971- )) (Metabolism--Proteins, Peptides and Amino Acids) (Nutrition--Malnutrition; Obesity) (Blood, Blood-Forming Organs and Body Fluids--Blood and Lymph Studies) (Respiratory System--Pathology) (Developmental Biology-Embryology--Morphogenesis, General) (Chordata, General and Systematic Zoology--Reptilia) animals chordates nonhuman vertebrates reptiles vertebrates Adult Dehydration Drought Mojave Desert Physiological Ecology Plasma Osmolality Predation Radiotelemetry Respiratory Disease Starvation Urea SGMDRC Biology Desert Tortoise(!The desert tortoise Gopherus agassizii is federally listed as Threatened because of documented declines in some populations, yet the proximate causes of these declines are not well understood. With use of radiotelemetry, I monitored a total of 55 individual tortoises at two Mojave Desert sites over three years. Both populations suffered high adult mortality during an extreme drought period, but the temporal pattern and inferred proximate causes of mortality differed between sites. At the eastern Mojave site, no telemetered tortoises died in 1988 or 1989, but 41% died in 1990. AlI nine carcasses were found and only one showed any evidence of predation or scavenging. Tortoises that died had symptoms of dehydration (high plasma osmolality) and/or starvation (high blood urea, as compared to tortoises that survived). Mortality in the eastern Mojave population thus seems to have been due to physiological stress associated with drought and concomitant lack of forage. In contrast, western Mojave tortoises that died did not appear physiologically stressed, and all carcasses found showed evidence of predation or scavenging. Strong circumstantial evidence implicated predation by coyotes, but respiratory disease may also have been a factor. Annual adult mortality in the western Mojave population was at least 5-25% in each of three years. High mortality in both populations was attributable to 'natural' effects of drought, directly in the eastern Mojave through starvation and dehydration, and indirectly in the western Mojave through functional responses of predators to a diminished prey base and, possibly, increased susceptibility of tortoises to disease. Episodic, drought-related high mortality has probably occurred repeatedly in the evolutionary history of G. agassizii, but human exploitation of the desert may exacerbate natural stresses, and recovery of populations is likely to be slow. In the absence of long-term data sufficient to evaluate the relative importance of potential causes of population declines, a conservative management strategy is warranted. Peterson, M. 19950*Photo publication of the Granite Mountains Shutterbug September September20 Other SGMDRCZ b("Nagy, Kenneth A. Gruchacz, Mark J. 1994d]Seasonal water and energy metabolism of the desert-dwelling kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami)\Physiological Zoology}676 1461-14781413473THeteromyidae (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Bioclimatology and Biometeorology) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Biochemistry--Physiological Water Studies (1970- )) (External Effects--Humidity (1972- )) (Anatomy and Histology, General and Comparative--Gross Anatomy) (Metabolism--Energy and Respiratory Metabolism) (Nutrition--General Studies, Nutritional Status and Methods) (Reproductive System--Physiology and Biochemistry) angiosperms animals chordates dicots mammals nonhuman mammals nonhuman vertebrates plants rodents spermatophytes vascular plants vertebrates Body Mass Changes Diet Composition Field Metabolic Rate Humidity Reproductive Effort Water Influx Rate SGMDRC BiologyGFree-living Merriam's kangaroo rats in the Mojave Desert did not drink, even when abundant rainwater was available for short periods in winter and summer, but they still obtained much more water than expected from a diet of dry seeds alone. Year-round measurements of water influx rates and field metabolic rates (via doubly labeled water), diet composition (stomach content analysis), and body mass changes were used to evaluate water and energy balance during each month of the year. From late spring (May) through midwinter (December), kangaroo rats ate primarily the seeds of creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) and were able to maintain water and energy balance on this diet even during the summer drought. Dry seeds collected at the surface apparently were cached in burrows where hygroscopic uptake of water from humid air increased the succulence of seeds before ingestion. In late winter and early spring, kangaroo rats obtained abundant water and energy from their diet of green vegetation (90% of diet dry mass) and arthropods (10%). Only in late April and early May did these animals lose body mass, but that was due primarily to reproductive effort (lactation) by females. Thus, at no time of year were kangaroo rats distressed by their comparatively dry, hot, and barren desert habitat. Field metabolic rates were highest in winter, which suggests that these animals did not use torpor or hibernation. On an annual basis, an individual free-living kangaroo rat (mean body mass, 33.9 g) consumed nearly 1 kg (dry matter) of food, and the population (density, 17.5 animals per hectare) consumed over 17 kg ha-1. This is a small fraction of net primary productivity but can be a large proportion of seed production.Nagy, Kenneth A. 1994NHSeasonal water, energy and food use by free-living, arid-habitat mammals$Australian Journal of Zoology 421 55-63 973553Bovidae Leporidae Sciuridae (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Bioclimatology and Biometeorology) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Biochemistry--Physiological Water Studies (1970- )) (Metabolism--Energy and Respiratory Metabolism) (Nutrition--General Studies, Nutritional Status and Methods) animals artiodactyls chordates lagomorphs mammals nonhuman mammals nonhuman vertebrates rodents vertebrates Desert Adaptation Mojave Desert Seasonality SGMDRC Biology   In arid ecosystems, the dry season is probably an especially challenging time for animals to find adequate food and water resources. Both stressful and benevolent times of the year can be identified by measuring rates of water and energy use (with doubly labelled water), diet and behaviour throughout a year in free-ranging animals. Such field studies have been completed on four species of arid-land mammals. Jackrabbits (Lepus californicus) are strict herbivores, and most Mojave Desert individuals have no access to drinking water, and depend on their food for their water. When vegetation dries up during the summer drought, most jackrabbits apparently die of dehydration and malnutrition, but populations are replenished by bountiful reproduction after winter rains. However, springbok antelope (Antidorcas marsupialis), also strict herbivores, can maintain water and energy balance throughout the year in the Kalahari in southern Africa by drinking water if available, but, if not, they obtain enough water from dietary plants, probably by feeding before dawn, when food items have taken up water from the humid air. Antelope ground squirrels (Ammospermophilus leucurus) are omnivorous in the Mojave Desert, and are active diurnally. They have lower water and energy requirements than non-desert mammals of the same body mass, like many desert mammals, but their ability to find succulent plant or animal foods in all seasons appears to be their primary survival tool. On the other hand, Merriam's kangaroo rats (Dipodomys merriami) are essentially nocturnal, and were thought to be strict granivores that never drank. A recent study, done throughout a year in the Mojave Desert, confirms their lack of drinking, but reveals that they eat much green vegetation in late winter and spring, probably in connection with reproduction. They obtain additional water throughout the year by caching dry seeds in humid burrows, where seeds take up water hygroscopically before being eaten. Although springbok, antelope ground squirrels and Merriam's kangaroo rats were in negative energy and water balance at times during the year, only jackrabbits were severely stressed by the dry season. Each species has a unique suite of desert survival mechanisms. Future research should include carnivores as well as arid-habitat marsupials. Norris, K. S. 1953f6The ecology of the desert iguana, Dipsosaurus dorsalis"Ecology (Washington D C)43265-287g[desert iguana Dipsosaurus dorsalis reptiles Ecology (Environmental Sciences) SGMDRC Biology# Norris, K. S. 1969The evolution and systematics of the iguanid genus Uma and its relation to the evolution of other North American desert reptiles2682Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 114249-326Creptiles Uma spp. evolution Systematics and Taxonomy SGMDRC Biology  Norris, R. M.t 1969Dune reddening and time& Journal of Sedimentary Petrology39 1-11SGMDRC Earth Science Norris, R. M.d 1996&Eastern Mojave Desert pediments0California GeologyJanuary/February 3-10Earth Science SGMDRC~| HR"Price, M. V. Longland, W. S. 1989:4Use of artificial seed patches by heteromyid rodentsJournal of Mammalogy702)316-322v4635248oZSHeteromyidae (Behavioral Biology--Animal Behavior) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Nutrition--General Studies, Nutritional Status and Methods) (Developmental Biology-Embryology--Morphogenesis, General) Nonhuman vertebrates Nonhuman mammals Body Size Foraging Behavior Resource Use Microhabitat Soil SGMDRC Biology Rodents Mammals JDWe allowed individual heteromyid rodents of nine species to forage singly for millet seeds placed in artificial seed patches that varied in soil texture, soil-bulk density, and seed dispersion. Thirty-five of 45 individuals tested showed nonrandom patterns of patch use, significantly more than expected if heteromyids as a whole do not distinguish the seed-patch attributes we presented. The nine species differed overall in patch use. Bipedal species did not differ significantly as a group from quadrupedal species. Use of heavy-soil patches was significantly correlated with body size, however, and use of aggregated-seed patches was related to the locality from which individuals were collected. Species from the same locality selected artificial substrates qualitatively similar to those found in microhabitats selected in nature.Price, Mary V. 1993d]A functional-morphometric analysis of forelimbs in bipedal and quadrupedal heteromyid rodents0)Biological Journal of the Linnean Society504339-360T 660422Heteromyidae (Behavioral Biology--Animal Behavior) (Anatomy and Histology, General and Comparative--Comparative Anatomy (1971- )) (Movement (1971- )) (Nutrition--General Studies, Nutritional Status and Methods) (Soil Science--Genesis, Morphology, Classification, Geology) (Chordata, General and Systematic Zoology--Mammalia) animals chordates mammals nonhuman vertebrates nonhuman mammals rodents vertebrates Body Form Reconstruction Digging Interspecific Allometry Morphology Seed-Harvest Rate Soil Association SGMDRC Biology V PThe rodent family Heteromyidae contains bipedal hoppers and quadrupedal runners. The possibility that bipedalism is associated with forelimb specialization for nonlocomotory functions, such as burrowing and seed-gathering, motivated a static functional-morphometric and interspecific allometric analysis of 18 metric characters of the forelimb skeleton. A principal-components analysis, across 28 species in six genera, showed that lengths of proximal (scapula, humerus) and distal (ulna, radius, metacarpal) elements were negatively allometric, and widths were positively allometric. Quadrupedal and bipedal species groups showed qualitatively similar allometric patterns, except that scapula width anterior to the spine was positively allometric in quadrupeds and negatively allometric in bipeds; scapula width posterior to the spine was positively allometric in bipeds and isometric in quadrupeds; and olecranon length was isometric in bipeds and positively allometric in quadrupeds. Most morphometric characters varied significantly among species within genera, even when effects of size variation were reduced by reconstructing all species to a common general size (as indicated by their score on the first principal component). These shape differences caused species to vary in the mechanical advantage of the forelimb, of possible importance for digging and seedharvesting performance. Relative to quadrupeds, bipedal species tended to have greater mechanical advantage for proximal forelimb elements and smaller mechanical advantage for distal forelimb elements, but only the distal pattern remained in reconstructed forms, and no functional character was significantly different when tested over variation among genera nested within locomotion type. Cluster analysis confirmed that forelimb characters related to digging or seed-harvest are not coincident with mode of locomotion. Forelimb characters were, however, associated with digging or seed-harvest performance. Mechanical advantage of the proximal forelimb was positively related to an index of the compaction of soils with which 26 desert-dwelling species are associated, and also to relative use of heavy vs. light soils by nine species in the laboratory. Across 10 species, deviations in seed-harvest rate from expected allometric values were negatively correlated with mechanical advantage of the distal forelimb.&Price, Mary V. Joyner, Jamie W.r 1995VPCharacterizing seed resources: Production and standing crop in the Mojave Desert4-Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America762 SUPPL PART 2 2181756953pjPlantae-Unspecified Animalia-Unspecified (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Plant) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Nutrition--General Studies, Nutritional Status and Methods) (Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics--Reproduction) (Soil Science--Physics and Chemistry (1970- )) animals plants Feeding Meeting Abstract SGMDRC Biology Rodents MammalsCONFERENCE LITERATURE;(!Price, Mary V. Waser, Nickolas M. 1997lfSeed caching behavior in a heteromyid rodent community: Species differences and potential significance4-Bulletin of the Ecological Society of Americah784 SUPPLp 165m3570699r^WHeteromyidae (Behavioral Biology--Animal Behavior) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) animals chordates mammals nonhuman mammals nonhuman vertebrates rodents vertebrates Behavior Larder Hoards Mohave Desert Resource Sequestration Scatter Hoards Seed Caching Behavior Species Differences Terrestrial Ecology SGMDRC Biology Rodents Mammals; CONFERENCE LITERATURE 0 nPeterson, Charles C. 1996Anhomeostasis: Seasonal water and solute relations in two populations of the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) during chronic drought^pPhysiological Zoologyr696v 1324-1358i2811282eChelonia (Behavioral Biology--Animal Behavior) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Bioclimatology and Biometeorology) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Biochemistry--Physiological Water Studies (1970- )) (Physiology, General and Miscellaneous--General) animals chordates nonhuman vertebrates reptiles vertebrates Anhomeostasis Behavior Chemical Coordination Chronic Drought Drinking Behavior Mojave Desert Seasonality Solute Relations Urine Osmolality Water Relations SGMDRC Biology Desert Tortoiseo4-Seasonal patterns of osmoregulation and water balance were compared in two populations of the desert tortoise (Gopherus (= Xerobates) agassizii) inhabiting portions of the Mojave Desert with different seasonal rainfall patterns. During an extreme drought year, tortoises lost as much as 40% of their initial body mass, and mean total body water volume decreased to below 60% of body mass. They stored wastes in, and apparently resorbed water from, their large urinary bladders. Osmolality of initially dilute bladder urine increased until it was isosmotic to blood plasma, after which osmolality of both fluids increased, eventually to some of the highest levels known for terrestrial reptiles. The increase in plasma osmolality comprised increases in plasma sodium, chloride, and especially urea concentrations. Bladder urine osmolality increased (owing primarily to soluble potassium) most rapidly during periods when tortoises ate annual plants; thus their normal diet apparently was osmotically stressful. When rainfall events occurred, tortoises at both sites drank copiously, voided concentrated bladder urine, and stored dilute urine; body mass, total body water, and plasma and urine concentrations returned to hydrated levels. Drinking rainwater was as important for tortoises in the western Mojave, where summer rain is rare, as in the eastern Mojave, where it is predictable. Tortoises osmoregulate opportunistically, a tactic made possible by their capacity to tolerate temporary "anhomeostasis" and by extremely low rates of water loss (measured with isotopically labeled water). This opportunism resulted in wide, behaviorally based variation among individuals in all variables measured, as well as large differences (due to timing of rainfall) between populations and in temporal patterns between years within populations.Peterson, Charles C. 1996bEcological energetics of the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii): Effects of rainfall and drought.@Ecology (Washington D C)776 1831-1844p2654142Chelonia (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Bioclimatology and Biometeorology) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Metabolism--Energy and Respiratory Metabolism) (Nutrition--General Studies, Nutritional Status and Methods) (Developmental Biology-Embryology--Morphogenesis, General) animals chordates nonhuman vertebrates reptiles vertebrates Climatology Desert Tortoise Drought Ecological Energetics Feeding Rate Field Metabolic Rate Growth Mojave Desert Rainfall Seasonal Change SGMDRC Biology4.To elucidate ecological effects of variation in the temporal distribution of a limiting resource (water in the Mojave Desert), energetics of two free-living populations of desert tortoises (Gopherus (=Xerobates) agassizii) were studied concurrently over 18 mo with use of doubly-labeled water. Field metabolic rates (FMR) and feeding rates (estimated from rates of water influx and rates of change in dry mass) were highly variable. This variability was manifested at several levels, including seasonal changes within populations, year-to-year differences within populations, and differences between populations. Underlying observed patterns and contrasts was considerable variation among individuals. Much of the variation in energetic variables was associated with a single climatic variable, rainfall. Seasonal, annual, and interpopulation differences in FMR and foraging rates corresponded to differences in availability of free-standing water from rainstorms. At least some of the differences among individuals were apparently due to differences in proclivity or ability to drink. Tortoises had very low FMRs relative to other reptiles, which allowed them to tolerate long periods of chronic energy shortage during a drought. Calculations suggested that tortoises experienced a net loss of energy on their spring diet of succulent annual plants. If so, tortoises require drier forage to accrue an energy profit, which emphasizes their reliance on drinking rainwater (which can be stored in the bladder and resorbed later to hydrate dry forage). Further, it suggests that growth (as protein deposition) and net acquisition of energy may be temporally decoupled in desert tortoises, which has potential consequences for geographic variation in life history traits. Energy acquisition and expenditure in desert tortoises are thus strongly constrained by the contingencies of rainfall, both indirectly through effects on availability and quality of food, and directly through reliance on free-standing water for drinking, which is apparently necessary for achieving a net annual energy profit.http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0012-9658%281996%2977%3A6%3C1831%3AEEOTDT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-V http://www.jstor.org/journals/00129658.html:3Pinto, John D. Stouthamer, Richard Platner, Gary R. 1997A new cryptic species of Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) from the Mojave Desert of California as determined by morphological, reproductive and molecular data<6Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington992y238-247d3242700eHymenoptera (General Biology--Taxonomy, Nomenclature and Terminology) (Anatomy and Histology, General and Comparative--Gross Anatomy) (Animal Distribution (1971- )) (Invertebrata, General and Systematic Zoology--Insecta-Hymenoptera) (Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Insecta-Morphology, Comparative) animals arthropods insects invertebrates Description Geographic Distribution Mojave Desert Systematics SGMDRC Biology EntomologyA new species of Trichogramma, T. kaykai, is described from the deserts of southern California where it is a common egg parasitoid of the lycaenid butterfly Apodemia mormo. The new species is closely related to T. deion, the most common Trichogramma in western North America. It is distinguished from T. deion by morphological, allozymic and ITS2 sequence differences; the two also appear to be reproductively incompatible.p  Pitzer, B. G. Andre, J. M. 1999GStatus report for the Barstow Woolly Sunflower (Eriophyllum mohavensis)e0F Riverside, California @9Bureau of Land Management, Riverside Resource Area OfficeBotany Biology SGMDRCv "Podolsky, R. H. Price, M. V. 1990jPatch use by Dipodomys deserti (Rodentia: Heteromyidae): Profitability, preference, and depletion dynamics Oecologia (Berlin)831 83-903889555ZSHeteromyidae (Behavioral Biology--Animal Behavior) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Nutrition--General Studies, Nutritional Status and Methods) Nonhuman vertebrates Nonhuman mammals Seed Size Foraging Behavior Resource Availability Harvest Rate Optimality Functional Response Microhabitat Statistics SGMDRC Biology Rodents Mammalsu Granivorous desert rodents for the family Heteromyidae forage nonrandomly among "microhabitats" that vary in substrate, seed densities, and seed species componention. To explore the hypothesis that microhabitat use is sensitive to seed patch profitability, we quantified effects of seed size (1.96 vs. 5.21 mg/seed) and density (0.4-10.6 seeds/cm2) on Dipodomys deserti harvest rates, which is a measure of profitability when expressing as mg of seed taken per min. By manipulating seed density, we created large-seed and small-seed patches of known relative profitability and exposed D. deserti individuals to pairwise choices in the laboratory and field. We used three treatment classes: 1) large-seed patches that were more profitable than small-seed patches (equal seed densities); 2) large-seed and small-seed patches that were equally profitable (small-seed densities somewhat higher); and 3) large-seed patches that were less profitable than small-seed patches (small-seed densities much higher). Harvest rate increased nearly linearly with seed density, and profitability of large-seed patches was greater than small-seed patches of the same density. Cumulative harvest from a patch increased linearly with residence time up to a plateau; this "gain curve" indicates that animals move systematically within patches and hence avoid resampling already depleted areas. In the laboratory, animals visited small-seed patches first more often and visited them more frequently when they were more profitable than large-seed patches. When large-seed patches were of greater or equal profitability, large-seed patches were preferred by both measures. The expressed preference for large-seed patches, when animals were presented with equally profitable patches, suggests an underlying preference for large seeds. In the field, animals depleted all patches to a constant low profitability, in accord with qualitative predictions of optimal patch use models. These results suggest that patch preferences by D. deserti are affected by the economics of seed harvest.  Pomeroy, F. 1986lfGranite Mountain Spring: an introduction to the eastern Mojave Desert, California. Publication No. 17 Santa Cruz, California <5Environmental Field Program, University of California}17 Other SGMDRC Price, M. V. Brown, J. H.\ 1983ZSPatterns of morphology and resource use in North American desert rodent communitiesR$Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs7i 117 - 134I0)SGMDRC Heteromyid Rodents Biology Mammalsn Price, M. V. 1983VPLaboratory studies of seed size and seed species selection by heteromyid rodentsOecologia (Berlin)59384-392(!Biology SGMDRC Heteromyid RodentsT Price, M. V. 1983VPEcological consequences of body size: a model for patch choice in desert rodentsOecologia (Berlin)59384-392cBiology SGMDRC Price, M. V. Heinz, J. M.\ 1984rkEffects of body size, seed density, and soil characteristics on rates of seed harvest by heteromyid rodents}Oecologia (Berlin)61420-425lBiology SGMDRC Price, M. V. Waser, N. M.\ 1985PJMicrohabitat use by heteromyid rodents: Effects of artificial seed patchesEcology (Tempe)\661n211-219b8914474\F?Heteromyidae (Behavioral Biology--Animal Behavior) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Nutrition--General Studies, Nutritional Status and Methods) Nonhuman vertebrates Nonhuman mammals Dipodomys Microdipodops Perognathus Foraging Behavior Resource Partitioning North American Desert SGMDRC Biology Rodents MammalsCoexisting heteromyid rodent species differ in their affinities for foraging microhabitats. Bipedal forms (Dipodomys, Microdipodops) use open spaces preferentially; quadrupedal forms (Perognathus) use spaces under or near vegetation. Despite consistent reports that these preferences occur in heteromyid assemblages throughout North American deserts, and despite frequent speculation about the importance of foraging economics and predation risk in producing them, few experimental analyses of microhabitat use exist. Studies are described showing that: microhabitats distinguished by heteromyids in nature differ in seed abundance, soil particle size and soil density, all of which are features that have been shown to influence heteromyid foraging efficiency; coexisting species differ in their preferences for artificial seed patches in a large laboratory foraging arena and differences in the properties of preferred and nonpreferred patches correspond qualitatively to differences in the attributes of preferred and nonpreferred microhabitats in nature; and microhabitat use in nature, as measured by livetrapping, can undergo rapid shifts that track the location of preferred artificial seed patches placed either in open spaces or under vegetation. Divergent microhabitat specializations of coexisting heteromyids probably are in part functions of divergent preferences for the particular combinations of seeds and soils found in various microhabitats. Further experimental studies are needed to determine whether these preferences can be predicted accurately from knowledge of the economics of foraging, and to what extent other factors may also influence microhabitat choice."Price, M. V. Podolsky, R. H. 1989tnMechanisms of seed harvest by heteromyid rodents: Soil texture effects on harvest rate and seed size selectionOecologia (Berlin)812j267-2734444009jRLHeteromyidae (Behavioral Biology--Animal Behavior) (Metabolism--Energy and Respiratory Metabolism) (Nutrition--General Studies, Nutritional Status and Methods) (Soil Science--Physics and Chemistry (1970- )) Nonhuman vertebrates Nonhuman mammals Digging Foraging Behavior Particle Separation Efficiency SGMDRC Biology Rodents Mammals>7Several lines of evidence show that soil texture plays an important role in the distribution of desert-dwelling heteromyid rodents. This is not surprising, since texture influences the energetic cost of digging burrows and of scratching at the soil surface to harvest buried seeds. Texture also may influence the efficiency with which seeds can be separated from the soil particles with which they are mixed. To explore mechanisms of "particle separation" by foraging heteromyids we measured seed harvest rates and size selection in the laboratory for a variety of seed sizes and soil textures. Harvest rate declined with increasing soil coarseness, and the preference for seeds of intermediate size that was apparent in fine soil disappeared when seeds were mixed with soil slightly coarser than the preferred seed size. In addition, there was evidence that particle separation efficiency is sensitive to the relative sizes of seeds and soil. A discontinuity in the function relating harvest rate to soil texture occurred at finer soil textures for small seeds than for large seeds, suggesting that harvest techniques change once soil particle diameter equals or exceeds that of seeds. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that heteromyids use a combination of gravity- and rake-sorting mechanisms for particle separation.  Nx &Price, Mary V. Joyner, Jamie W. 1997VOWhat resources are available to desert granivores: Seed rain or soil seed bank?oEcology (Washington D C)783;764-7733174956jHeteromyidae (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Plant) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Nutrition--General Studies, Nutritional Status and Methods) animals chordates mammals nonhuman vertebrates nonhuman mammals rodents vertebrates Food Storage Granivore Heteromyid Rodents Nutrition Resource Dynamics Seed Caching Seed Rain Soil Seed Bank Terrestrial Ecology SGMDRC Biology Rodents mammalsPatterns of resource availability mold many ecological processes, but we know little about the availability of resources to consumers in nature, even for well-studied systems such as the granivorous animals of North American deserts. What we do know about seed resources in deserts is based primarily on seeds extracted from soil samples, but this might present a distorted view of resource availability if animals mostly harvest newly produced seeds before they enter the soil seed bank. In order to assess how large the distortion might be, we simultaneously monitored the seed bank and "seed rain" over a 19-mo period in the eastern Mojave Desert of California. The seed bank averaged approximateseq 106 000 seeds/m-2 and 38 g/m-2, much higher than values reported for other North American desert sites. This corresponds roughly to the seed production of a single year, since daily seed rain averaged 262 seeds/ml and 0.26 g/m-2. However, input from the seed rain did not accumulate in the soil. Instead, the seed bank decreased by a daily average of 114 seeds/m-2 and 0.007 g/m-2 during our study. This suggests that virtually all seeds germinate, die, or are harvested by granivores soon after being dispersed. Large seeds comprised a greater fraction of the seed rain than of the seed bank, suggesting that such seeds are differentially depleted, probably by granivores, before they enter the soil. Because seed drop was seasonal, temporal variation comprised a significant component of among-sample variance in the seed rain. Temporal variance in the seed bank was much smaller, presumably because granivores harvested most of the seed rain. Conversely, spatial variance was a significant component for the seed bank, but not the seed rain, perhaps as a result of spatial patterns of seed harvest or seed caching by granivores. By virtue of these variance patterns, as well as other attributes, seeds in the soil present different challenges to granivores than do newly produced seeds. Our understanding of desert granivore foraging and community ecology, and of granivore-seed interactions, depends critically on choosing the appropriate measure of seed availability to granivores. Price, M. V. McDonald, S. 1999Distribution and abundance of two kangaroo rat species along an elevational gradient in the Mojave National Preserve (Poster Abstract)4.Proceedings of Mojave Desert Science Symposium 6/University of California, Riverside, Californian .'USGS Western Ecological Research Centerl(!SGMDRC Heteromyid Rodents Biologyi82Price, Mary V. Waser, Nickolas M. McDonald, Shauna 2000\USeed caching by heteromyid rodents from two communities: Implications for coexistenceAJournal of Mammalogy.S811 97-1065432824jHeteromyidae (Behavioral Biology--Animal Behavior) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Metabolism--Energy and Respiratory Metabolism) Body Mass Coexistence Community Structure Competition Energetics Seed Caching SGMDRC Biology Mammals RodentsjcDiversity of species in communities of heteromyid rodents presents a classic problem to ecologists, because species are similar ecologically and share a limiting seed resource. Mechanisms of coexistence considered to date have focused on interspecific variation in ability to exploit heterogeneity in resources caused by environmental factors. An unexplored possibility is that coexistence is promoted by heterogeneity among species in seed-caching behavior. To begin evaluating this possibility, we asked whether coexisting species differ in their propensity to cache and in types of caches made. In an indoor arena, we presented millet seeds to 8 species of kangaroo rats (Dipodomys) and pocket mice (Perognathus and Chaetodipus) from 2 communities, 1 in California and 1 in Arizona. Species within communities differed in amounts of seed consumed and cached per night. Both consumption and caching increased with body mass in a manner similar to whole-animal metabolic rate, suggesting that energetics underlie food storage behaviors. Species also differed significantly in propensity to cache in the home burrow (larderhoard) versus in small depots outside the burrow (scatterhoard); scatterhoarding increased with body mass. Kangaroo rats scatterhoarded proportionally more than sympatric pocket mice, and species from California tended to scatterhoard more than those of similar body size from Arizona. These interspecific differences are consistent with the possibility that caching promotes coexistence. Our results appear to contradict those from a similar study of heteromyid caching behavior that used a different protocol for presenting seeds. This discrepancy underscores the importance of understanding the extent to which caching behavior is sensitive to details of experimental protocol or animal state and of moving experimental caching studies into more natural situations.2+Prose, D. V. Metzger, S. K. Wilshire, H. G. 1987f_Effects of substrate disturbance on secondary plant succession: Mojave Desert, California [USA]s Journal of Applied Ecology241305-313j7628258leCompositae Leguminosae (General Biology--Conservation, Resource Management) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Plant) (Soil Science--General; Methods (1970- )) Vascular plants Spermatophytes Angiosperms Dicots Ambrosia-Dumosa Hymenoclea-Salsola Larrea-Tridentata Soil Compaction Topsoil Removal Drainage Community Structure SGMDRC Biology Botany Mojave DesertThe effects of substrate disturbance on perennial plant succession in the Mojave Desert were assessed at three military camps abandoned for 40 years. Soil compaction, removal of the top layer of soil, and alteration of drainage channel density caused significant changes in perennial plant cover, density, and relative species composition. Long-lived species, predominantly Larrea tridentata, were dominant in all control areas but percentage cover and density were greatly reduced in areas where substrate alterations were significant. Pioneer species such as Ambrosia dumosa and Hymenoclea salsola had percentage cover values similar to or greater than controls in most areas where substrate alterations were significant, and these species were dominant in the majority of disturbed areas. Where substrate alterations were insignificant in disturbed areas at one camp, Larrea was the dominant species as in the control.in(6"Reichman, O. J. Price, M. V. 19930)Ecological aspects of heteromyid foraging:4Special Publication American Society of Mammalogists 656259Hydrochoeridae (Behavioral Biology--Animal Behavior) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Bioclimatology and Biometeorology) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Biochemistry--Physiological Water Studies (1970- )) (Movement (1971- )) (Metabolism--Energy and Respiratory Metabolism) (Nutrition--General Studies, Nutritional Status and Methods) (Temperature: Its Measurement, Effects and Regulation--Thermorhythms) animals chordates mammals nonhuman mammals nonhuman vertebrates rodents vertebrates Activity Behavior Book Chapter Caching Competition Energy Predation Seasonality Seed Size Torpor SGMDRC Water Balance Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Biosynchronization Climatology (Environmental Sciences) Ecology (Environmental Sciences) Metabolism Nutrition Physiology Biology RodentsvoReichman, O. J. ; Price, M. V. Div. Biol., Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS 66506 Genoways, H. H. Brown, J. H.r4.Rendell, H. M. Lancaster, N. Tchakerian, V. P. 1994|uLuminescence dating of late quartenary aeolian deposits at Dale Lake and Cronese Mountains, Mojave Desert, California<5Quartenary Geochronology (Quartenary Science Reviews)13417-422Earth Science SGMDRCzsReynolds, Robert E. Brady, Roland H. Reynolds, Jennifer Wells, Stephen G. San Bernardino County Museum Association,k 1990PJAt the end of the Mojave : Quaternary studies in the eastern Mojave Desert Redlands, Calif. .(San Bernardino County Museum Association 134e8270088 `ZUCLA SEL/Geol QE 696 A8 1990 UCSB Main Lib Sci-Eng QE696 .A87 1990 CAS IZ&G QE696 .A8 1990Geology, Stratigraphic Quaternary Geology California Mojave Desert Guidebooks Geology California Mojave Desert Geology Death Valley (Calif. and Nev.) Geology Death Valley (Calif. and Nev.) Guidebooks SGMDRC Earth Sciencecompiled by Robert E. Reynolds, Steven G. Wells, Roland H. Brady III ; Jennifer Reynolds, editor. "Prepared in conjunction with the 1990 Mojave Desert Quaternary Research Center symposium, May 18-21, 1990." Includes bibliographical references.hReynolds, Robert E. Wells, Steven G. Brady, Roland H. Reynolds, Jennifer Mojave Desert Quaternary Research Center, San Bernardino County Museum Association, 1991At the end of the Mojave : quaternary studies in the eastern Mojave Desert : a special publication of the San Bernardino County Museum Association, prepared in conjunction with the 1990 Mojave Desert Quaternary Research Center Symposium, May 18-21, 1990 Redlands, Calif. .(San Bernardino County Museum Association 134:8088063bUCB Earth Sci F868.M65 A82 1991 UCD Shields F868.M65 A82 1991 UCR Science F868.M65 A82 1991 UCSD Scripps Floor 3 QE696 .A82 1991>7Mojave Desert (Calif.) Congresses. SGMDRC Earth Science compiled by Robert E. Reynolds, Steven G. Wells, Roland H. Brady III ; editor, Jennifer Reynolds. Includes bibliographical references. Mojave Desert Quaternary Research Center Symposium (1990):4Richman, Adam D. Uyenoyama, Marcy K. Kohn, Joshua R. 1996^XAllelic diversity and gene genealogy at the self-incompatibility locus in the SolanaceaeScience (Washington D C) 273 5279 1212-1216j2634047("Solanaceae (Genetics and Cytogenetics--Plant) (Genetics and Cytogenetics-- Population Genetics (1972-)) (Biochemistry--Biochemical Studies: Nucleic Acids Purines and Pyrimidines) (Biophysics--Molecular Properties and Macromolecules) (Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics--Chemical Constituents) angiosperms dicots plants spermatophytes vascular plants Allelic Diversity Founder-Event Speciation Gene Genealogy Long-Term Effective Population Size Population Genetics Recent Population Size Self-Incompatibility Locus SGMDRC Biology Botany The self-incompatibility (S) locus of flowering plants offers an example of extreme polymorphism maintained by balancing selection. Estimates of recent and long-term effective population size (N-e) were determined for two solanaceous species by examination of S-allele diversity. Estimates of recent N-e in two solanaceous species differed by an order of magnitude, consistent with differences in the species' ecology. In one species, the evidence was consistent with historical population restriction despite a large recent N-e. In the other, no severe bottleneck was indicated over millions of years. Bottlenecks are integral to founder-event speciation, and loci that are subject to balancing selection can be used to evaluate the frequency of this mode of speciation.Access restricted.XRhttp://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/273/5279/1212 http://www.sciencemag.org81Richman, Adam D. Broothaerts, Wim Kohn, Joshua R. 1997VOSelf-incompatibility RNases from three plant families: Homology or convergence?5 American Journal of Botany847U912-9173373773URosaceae Scrophulariaceae Solanaceae (Evolution) (Genetics and Cytogenetics--Plant) (Biophysics--Molecular Properties and Macromolecules) (Enzymes--Chemical and Physical) (Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics--Enzymes) angiosperms dicots plants spermatophytes vascular plants Convergence Enzymology Evolution Homology Molecular Genetics S-Alleles Self Incompatibility Rnases SGMDRC BiologyLEIn the Rosaceae, Scrophulariaceae, and Solanaceae, the stylar product of the self-incompatibility (S-) locus is an RNase. Using protein sequence data from 34 RNase genes (three fungal RNases, seven angiosperm non-S RNases, 11 Rosaceae S-alleles, three Scrophulariaceae S-alleles, and ten Solanaceae S-alleles) we reconstructed the genealogy of angiosperm RNases using the neighbor joining method and two distance metrics in order to assess whether use of S-RNases in these families is the result of homology or convergence. Four monophyletic groups of angiosperm RNases were found: the S-RNases of each of the three families and a group comprising most of the angiosperm non-S RNases. The S-RNases of the Scrophulariaceae and Solanaceae were found to be homologous but strong inference concerning the homology or convergence of S-RNases from the Rosaceae with those of the other families was not possible because of uncertain placement of both the root and two of the angiosperm non-S RNases. The most recent common ancestor of the Rosaceae and both the Scrophulariaceae and Solanaceae is shared by approximates 80% of dicot families. If the -RNases of the Rosaceae are homologous to those of the Scrophulariaceae and Solanaceae, then many other dicot families might be expected to share RNases as the mechanism of gametophytic self-incompatibility.u  *l2& Richman, Adam D. Kohn, Joshua R. 1999|uSelf-incompatibility alleles from Physalis: Implications for historical inference from balanced genetic polymorphismsoVOProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of Americam961l168-172l4586820aSolanaceae (Genetics and Cytogenetics--General) Angiosperms Dicots Spermatophytes Vascular Plants Balanced Genetic Polymorphism Self-Incompatibility Alleles SGMDRC Biology BotanyBalanced genetic polymorphism has been proposed as a source from which to infer population history complementary to that of neutral genetic polymorphism, because genetic polymorphism maintained by balancing selection permits inferences about population size over much longer spans of time. However, empirical data for both S genes and major histocompatibility complex genes do not fit expectations of coalescent theory. Species-specific gene genealogies have longer terminal branches than expected, indicating an apparent slowdown in the origination of new alleles. Here, we present evidence that divergent S alleles were selectively maintained in Physalis cinerascens during a reduction in population size, generating longer terminal branches in the S gene genealogy relative to the congener Physalis crassifolia. Retention of divergent alleles during reduction in the number of alleles violates assumptions of the coalescent model used to estimate effective population size. Recent theoretical and empirical results are consistent with the proposition that nonrandom sorting is a general property of balanced genetic polymorphisms, suggesting that studies of balanced polymorphism that infer the absence of population bottlenecks may overestimate effective population size.HAhttp://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/96/1/168 http://www.pnas.orgsRichman, Adam D. 2000piS-allele diversity in Lycium andersonii: Implications for the evolution of S-allele age in the Solanaceaed Annals of Botany (London)i85Suppl A241-245U5579583^XSolanaceae (Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics--Reproduction) (Evolution) (Genetics and Cytogenetics--Plant) (Genetics and Cytogenetics--Sex Differences) Angiosperms Dicots Spermatophytes Vascular Plants S-Alleles: Diversity, Evolution, Self-Incompatibility, Turnover Pollen-Stigma Interactions Trans-Generic Evolution SGMDRC BiologyWe evaluate competing explanations for striking differences in the average age of self-incompatibility (S-) alleles in population samples. The age of alleles is inferred from evidence for trans-generic evolution (TGE), in which an allele sampled from one species is more closely related to an allele found in another genus than any con-generic allele, as determined by phylogenetic analysis. Whereas some species exhibit extensive TGE, indicating very long persistence of allelic lineages, in others limited TGE suggests extensive extinction and origination of alleles. We consider two explanations for inter-specific differences in TGE and allelic turnover: (1) bottleneck event(s) which have accelerated the loss of allelic diversity in some species; and (2) differences among species in the origination rate of new allelic specificities. We used data on S-allele diversity in Lycium andersonii (Solanaceae), a self-incompatible perennial shrub of deserts of southwestern North America, to estimate the presumed change in origination rate. We find that predicted allelic turnover assuming a change in the origination rate of new S-allele specificities is insufficient to account for inter-specific differences in allele turnover.cAccess restricted.lehttp://www.idealibrary.com/links/citation/0305-7364/85/241 http://www.idealibrary.com/links/toc/anbo/n(!Sawyer, John O. Keeler-Wolf, Toddt 1995(!A manual of California vegetation Sacramento, CA &California Native Plant Society 471 , 32 of plates0943460255 (hardcover)10353252UCB BioSci // Ref Shelves QK149 .S28 1995 UCB EnvDesign // Reference QK149 .S28 1995 UCD Shields QK149.S31 1995 UCD Shields Bio/Ag Ref QK149.S31 1995 UCI Sci Lib Bar QK149 .S33 1995 UCLA Biomed QK 149 S271m 1995 UCR Science Ref QK149 .S34 1995 UCR Science QK149 .S34 1995 UCSB Main Lib Sci-Eng QK149 .S28 1995 UCSC Science Reference QK149 .S28 1995 CAS Bot QK149 .S4 1995 CSL State Lib California // Also in CALIF* QK149 .S28 1995 CSL State Lib California Non Circ QK149 .S28 1995BLetter Physical, Chemical, & Earth Sciences (PHYS) V30 N43 SEP0*Wells, S. G. McFadden, L. D. Olinger, C.T. 1991LFUse of cosmogenic 3He and 21Ne to understand desert pavement formation:4Abstracts and Programs Geological Society of America23 A206Earth Science SGMDRC:4Wells, S. G. McFadden, L. D. Olinger, C.T. Poths, J. 1994>Use of cosmosgenic 3He to understand desert pavement formation  HAGeological Society of America Annual Meeting, Cordilleran Section27201-205Earth Science SGMDRC:4Wells, S. G. McFadden, L. D. Olinger, C.T. Poths, J. 1994<5Surface exposure dating of desert pavement landscapes:4Abstracts and Programs Geological Society of America267 A86-87Earth Science SGMDRCWells, Stephen G.  1995@:Surficial geology of the eastern Mojave Desert, California Riverside, Californiaf University of California6410605196F?UCLA SEL/Geol QE 90 M69 W44 1995 UCR Science QE90.M55 W455 1995JCGeology California Mojave Desert Guidebooks Earth Science SGMDRC>7prepared by Stephen G. Wells. "Geo 2 weekend excursion guidebook"--Cover. "March 1995." "This guidebook was developed for use by students in Earth Sciences at the University of California, Riverside as part of the weekend fieldtrip to the Mojave Desert in Geomorphology II." Includes bibliographical references.Wirth, W. Mullens, B. 1992Culicoides boydi (Diptera:Ceratopogonidae): A potential vector of hemorrhagic disease viruses to desert bighorn sheep in southern California$Journal of Medical Entomology296 1006-1010Biology SGMDRC^D  Secor, S. M. 1991]Correlates of Foraging Mode for the Desert Snakes Crotalus cerastes and Masticophis flagellumk2CG4-Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America722 SUPPLr 2463464941tRLSerpentes (Behavioral Biology--General and Comparative Behavior) (Behavioral Biology--Animal Behavior) (Circadian Rhythms and Other Periodic Cycles) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Metabolism--Energy and Respiratory Metabolism) Nonhuman vertebrates Reptiles Abstract Energetics Diurnal Activity Prey Capture SGMDRC BiologyCONFERENCE LITERATURE Secor, S. M. 1991d3The energetics of the sidewinder, Crotalus cerastes"Northwest ScientistR6567& Biology SGMDRC Crotalus cerastesSecor, Stephen Molyneux 1992~MActivities and energetics of a sit-and-wait foraging snake, Crotalus cerastesg<  Los Angeleso University of Californiaxix, 197 leavesj Ph. D.7734197  UCLA Biomed W4C S445a 1992Bioenergetics Snakes Ecology Snakes Behavior Snakes California Energy Metabolism Viperidae Dissertations, Academic UCLA Biology SGMDRC Reptiles\zby Stephen Molyneux Secor. Typescript (photocopy). Vita. Thesis (Ph. D.)--UCLA, 1992. Includes bibliographical references.lfhttp://wwwlib.umi.com/pqdd2/search/do?query=au%28Secor%2C%20Stephen%20Molyneux%29%20and%20da%281992%29.(Secor, S. M. Jayne, B. C. Bennett, A. F. 1992VLocomotor performance and energetic cost of sidewinding by the snake Crotalus cerastesE&Journal of Experimental BiologyV 163 1-142535088Serpentes (Behavioral Biology--Animal Behavior) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Physiology, General and Miscellaneous--Comparative (1970- )) (Movement (1971- )) (Metabolism--Energy and Respiratory Metabolism) (Chordata, General and Systematic Zoology--Reptilia) Nonhuman vertebrates Reptiles Coluber-Constrictor Burst Speed Endurance Oxygen Consumption Terrestrial Lateral Undulation Concertina Locomotion SGMDRC BiologyVPWe measured the performance (burst speed and endurance) and the energetic cost of sidewinding locomotion for the viperid snake Crotalus cerastes. The linear scaling regressions relating log mass to log burst speed and log endurance have slopes of 0.29 and 1.01, respectively. Maximal burst speed observed for an individual snake (SVL = 41.9 cm, SVL is snout-vent length) was 3.7 km h-1. Adult snakes were able to match a tread speed of 0.5 km h-1 for times ranging from 33 to more than 180 min, and at 0.7 km h-1 endurance times ranged from 9 to 52 min. Rates of oxygen consumption increased linearly over a range of aerobically sustainable speeds (0.28-0.50 km h-1), with a resulting net cost of transport (NCT) of 0.408 ml O2 k-1 km-1 for eight snakes with a mean mass of 110 g. Sidewinding of C. cerastes involves periodic movements with a frequency that increases linearly with mean forward speed. At 0.50 km h-1, the mean (N=8) mass-specific energetic cost per cycle of movement was 0.28 .mu.l O2 g-1 cycle-1 for sidewinding. The NCT and the cost per cycle of movement of C. cerastes sidewinding are significantly either terrestrial lateral undulation or concertain locomotion. The NCT of C. cerastes sidewinding is also significantly less than that predicted for the terrestrial limbed locomotion of lizards of similar mass. Mean .overhead dot.VO2max if C. cerastes (0.405 ml O2 g-1 h-1) is only about half that reported for C. constrictor: however, the mean endurance at 0.60 km h-1 (73 min) for sidewinding C. cerastes does not differ significantly from that reported for C. constrictor laterally undulating..(Secor, S. M. Stein, E. D. Diamond, J. M. 1992_Adaptive response of the digestive system by the sit-and-wait foraging snake, Crotalus cerastesNAmerican Zoologist325V 43A2594926aSerpentes (Behavioral Biology--Animal Behavior) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Physiology, General and Miscellaneous--Exercise and Physical Therapy (1970- )) (Metabolism--General Metabolism; Metabolic Pathways) (Metabolism--Energy and Respiratory Metabolism) (Digestive System--Anatomy) (Digestive System--Physiology and Biochemistry) Nonhuman vertebrates Reptiles Abstract Intestinal Response Energy Expenditure Intestinal Morphology SGMDRC BiologyCONFERENCE LITERATURE Secor, S. M. 1992_A preliminary analysis of the movement and home range size of the sidewinder, Crotalus cerastesN $Campbell, J. A. Brodie, E. D.VBiology of Pitvipers  Tyler, Texas  Selva Pressc389-394 & Biology SGMDRC Crotalus cerastes6/Secor, Stephen M. Stein, Eric D. Diamond, Jared 1994hbRapid upregulation of snake intestine in response to feeding: A new model of intestinal adaptation$American Journal of Physiology 2664 PART 1 G695-G705V 899190Serpentes (Biochemistry--Gases (1970- )) (Biochemistry--Biochemical Studies: Carbohydrates) (Metabolism--Carbohydrates) (Metabolism--Proteins, Peptides and Amino Acids) (Nutrition--Carbohydrates (1972- )) (Nutrition--Proteins, Peptides and Amino Acids (1972- )) (Digestive System--Physiology and Biochemistry) animals chordates nonhuman vertebrates reptiles vertebrates Amino Acid Brush Border Digestion Gut Regulation Intestinal Hypertrophy Oxygen Consumption Sugar SGMDRC BiologyetnMammalian guts exhibit numerous adaptive responses to feeding. However, response magnitudes are often inconveniently modest for experimental analysis, because mammals feed often and their intestines are rarely empty. We anticipated larger responses in sit-and-wait foraging snakes, because they consume huge meals at long intervals. Hence, we studied metabolic rates, brush-border nutrient transport, and intestinal morphometrics in the rattlesnake, Crotalus cerastes, as a function of time since feeding. O-2 consumption by the whole snake, a reflection of the cost of digestion and of rebuilding the starved gut, peaked after 2 days at eight times fasting values. Activities of brush-border glucose, leucine, and proline transporters peaked after 1-3 days at 5-22 times fasting values. Ratios of amino acid to glucose uptake rates peaked at 104, reflecting snakes' extreme adaptation to carnivory (a high-protein low-carbohydrate diet). Intestinal mass increased more than twofold within 1 day, primarily because of mucosal growth. After defecation, the intestine atrophied, brush-border transporters were downregulated, and O-2 consumption returned to basal. These rapid and large responses reduce costs of gut maintenance during long bouts of quiescence between meals. Hence sit-and-wait foraging snakes may furnish advantageous model species for studying gut regulation and adaptation. <<("Secor, Stephen M. Nagy, Kenneth A. 1994cBioenergetic correlates of foraging mode for the snakes Crotalus cerastes and Masticophis flagellumU8INEcology (Tempe)756 1600-16141148478Serpentes (Behavioral Biology--Animal Behavior) (Circadian Rhythms and Other Periodic Cycles) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Bioclimatology and Biometeorology) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (External Effects--Temperature as a Primary Variable (1971- )) (Movement (1971- )) (Metabolism--Energy and Respiratory Metabolism) (Nutrition--General Studies, Nutritional Status and Methods) (Digestive System--Physiology and Biochemistry) (Respiratory System--Physiology and Biochemistry) (Temperature: Its Measurement, Effects and Regulation--Thermorhythms) animals chordates nonhuman vertebrates reptiles vertebrates Activity Body Temperature Carbon Dioxide Production Digestion Feeding Field Metabolic Rate Hibernation Seasonality Standard Metabolic Rate SGMDRC Biology Foraging mode may influence an array of ecological and bioenergetic characteristics, several of which we compared between two snakes: sympatric sit-and-wait foraging sidewinders, Crotalus cerastes, and widely foraging coachwhips, Masticophis flagellum. During the majority of surface activity, the nocturnal C. cerastes were either coiled on or partially buried in the sand waiting to ambush mobile prey, whereas the diurnal M. flagellum cruised through the habitat searching for active and sedentary prey. Average duration of daily surface activity, of C. cerastes ( high vinculum X plus-minus SE = 7.2 plus-minus 0.7 h/d) was nearly twice that of M. flagellum (3.9 plus-minus 0.9 h/d). Body temperatures (T-b's) of active M. flagellum (33/1 degree plus-minus 01 degree C) averaged higher, and were maintained within a narrower range, than those of active C. cerastes (25.3 degree plus-minus 0.1 degree C). Field metabolic rates (FMR, as CO-2 production), measured with doubly labeled water, were significantly greater in M. flagellum (body mass = 124 plus-minus 12 g ( high vinculum X plus-minus SE)) than in C. cerastes (125 plus-minus 6 g) during the active season (mid-April to mid-October; 0.154 plus-minus 0.017 vs. 0.063 plus-minus 0.005 mL center dot g-1 center dot h-1), transition seasons (mid-March to mid-April, mid-October to mid-November; 0.058 plus-minus 0.009 vs. 0.028 plus-minus 0.002 mL center dot g-1 center dot h-1), and hibernation (mid-November to mid-March; 0.014 plus-minus 0.002 vs. 0.007 plus-minus 0001 mL center dot g-1 center dot h-1). Masticophis flagellum also possessed significantly greater rates of water influx than C. cerastes during the active (19.7 plus-minus 2.9 vs. 7.6 plus-minus 1.1 mL center dot kg-1 center dot d-1) and transition seasons (7.1 plus-minus 1.8 vs. 2.5 plus-minus 0.5 mL center dot g-1 center dot d-1). Standard metabolic rates (SMR), measured at six T-b's (10 degree -35 degree C), of M. flagellum averaged 37 plus-minus 4% greater than SMR of C. cerastes. The monthly metabolic cost of SMR, calculated by integrating 24-h T-b profiles with temperature-dependent regression equations for SMR, averaged 62 plus-minus 4% greater for free-ranging M. flagellum than for C. cerastes. The difference between FMR and SMR is the energy allocated to activities and other energy-demanding functions such as digestion and represented 65 and 76%, respectively, of the yearly metabolic expenditure of C. cerastes and M. flagellum. Annually, M. flagellum spent 2.6 times the amount of energy on activity and other functions as did C cerastes. Contributing to expenditures above SMR were digestion (19-43% of FMR) and movement (6-18% of FMR). Feeding rate (calculated from water influx) during the active season of M. flagellum (24.1 plus-minus 5.5 g center dot kg-1 center dot d-1) was more than twice that of C. cerastes (9.4 plus-minus 1.4 g center dot kg-1 center dot d-1). Over a full year, M. flagellum consumed 2.1 times as much assimilable energy as did C. cerastes, although both species gained similar energy profits (212 and 177 kJ/yr, respectively). The foraging strategy of the cryptic, ambushing C. cerastes balances low energy expenditure with low food intake, whereas widely foraging M. flagellum have greater expenditures but achieve greater energy consumption, as well.thttp://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0012-9658%281994%2975%3A6%3C1600%3ABCOFMF%3E2.0.CO%3B2-O http://www.jstor.org/journals/00129658.html Secor, S. M. 1994d4Natural history of the sidewinder, Crotalus cerastes# Brown, P. R. Wright, J. W.0)Herpetology of the North American DesertsV Van Nuys, California *$Southwestern Herpetologists' Society& Biology SGMDRC Crotalus cerastesSecor, Stephen M. 1995_Ecological aspects for foraging mode for the snakes Crotalus cerastes and Masticophis flagellumU4EJ Herpetological Monographs0l9 169-1861918143DSerpentes (Behavioral Biology--Animal Behavior) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (External Effects--Temperature as a Primary Variable (1971- )) (Movement (1971- )) (Metabolism--Energy and Respiratory Metabolism) (Nutrition--General Studies, Nutritional Status and Methods) (Temperature: Its Measurement, Effects and Regulation-- Thermoadaptation) animals chordates nonhuman vertebrates reptiles vertebrates Body Temperature Energy Requirements Movements Predation SGMDRC Biology("This study demonstrates the correlation of an array of ecological characteristics with foraging mode in sit-and-wait foraging Crotalus cerastes and widely foraging Masticophis flagellum. Crotalus cerastes are chiefly nocturnal and spend most of their time on the surface either coiled on or partially buried in the sand waiting to ambush prey. Masticophis flagellum are strictly diurnal predators and cruise through the habitat searching for active and sedentary prey. In this study, C. cerastes averaged 7.2 plus-minus 0.7 (SE) h/day on the surface, almost twice the time of M. flagellum (3.9 plus-minus 0.9 h/day). Body temperatures (T-b's) of active M. flagellum, determined from surgically implanted radio transmitters, were significantly greater than those of active C. cerastes. Crotalus ceastes, whose T-b's conform to changing environmental temperatures, appear to possess abroad" thermal performance breadth, "enabling them to move and to acquire prey over a relatively wide range of T-b's (16-38 C). Active M. flagellum typically possessed a narrower range of T-b's (30-35 C), suggesting that they operate with a narrow "thermal performance breadth." Masticophis flagellum traveled greater distances (241 plus-minus 38 m) and more frequently (76 plus-minus 4% of days monitored) than C. cerastes (111 plus-minus 12 m and 32 plus-minus 2% of days monitored, respectively). Thus, M. flagellum averaged more than five times the distance traveled per day (186 plus-minus 37 m/day) than C. cerastes (35 plus-minus 4 m/day). Consequently, M. flagellum possessed activity ranges (53.4 plus-minus 13.3 ha) that were significantly larger than those of C. cerastes (20.1 plus-minus 3.3 ha). Additional correlates of widely foraging for M. flagellum include higher predation risks, streamlined body shape, and greater rates of energy expenditure and acquisition. Correlated with their sit-and-wait foraging tactics, C. cerastes are stocky in body shape, rely on crypsis and immobility to escape detection from predators, and balance low foraging success with low energy requirements.nH (U.S.)1987S Adolph19989+Anderson1989e,Anderson1992eAnderson1994 Anderson1994eAnderson1994Anderson1999 Andre1997 Andre1999 Andre1999 Andr1996 Anonymous1995\ Arunachalam1995" Baldwin1999 Barr1999 Bennett1992 Berger1991i Berkey19889E Berry1998 Berry1999 Bleecker1988e Bleich19868  Bleich19908P Bleich19919  Bleich1995Q  Bleich1995  Bleich19969 Bleich19979a Boarman1999Bouskila1995w Bowyer19979 Brady1990 Brady1991 Broothaerts1997 Brown1970 Brown1983, Brown1992 Brown1992 Camp19930] Camp19939_ Camp19959` Camp19989a Camp19999 Cane19971 Cane19991 Cane20002G Carr19818+ Cayan1989 Chan19981 Christensen1996z Christensen1999 Christopher1999 Chu1999 Chu1999Codye Cody19701 Cody19781 Cody1981 Cody1986 Cody1999r Cody2000r Cohen1994 Cohen1994 Cohen1996  Connell1994 Connell1994$ Conroy1982Q Crossey1990V Daggy1999X Daggy20003 Daly19909! Daly19911" De Ley19991" De Ley19991# Decker1985Q$ Deitz1982 Diamond1992 Diamond1994 Dickey1996z Dickey1999o Dickie1997i% Doell1999 Dohrenwend19875&Driscoll1987wf Duller19911' East19881( East1988) Edinger1990*Edinger-Marshall19991f Edwards1991R Ellis1996U Ellis1998+ Enzel1989, Enzel1992 Enzel1992 Fenstermaker2000- Fieler19949. Fieler19959/ Fieler19989 Flerchinger19960 Frazier19961 Frazier19972 Frick1999 Gaddis19919g Gaddis199293 Gambino1990! Gambino1991GGeological Survey (U.S.)1981 Graham19949 Greeley1991g Greeley19924 Greene199605Griswold1986e6Griswold1996e7Gruchacz1991Gruchacz19948Haenszel19719Hafernik1999: Hamerlynck1997l; Hamerlynck2000l Hansen19888 Harden19909 Harden19909< Hazard19952= Hazard19962> Hazard19991? Heinz1983 Heinz1984@ Henen1988A Henen1990B Henen1990C Henen1992D Henen1994E Henen1998 Henen1999 Herring19963 Hoelmer1990! Hoelmer1991 Holl19868 Holl19901 Holl19951FHorneG Howard19819H Howard1987S; Huxman20002IIrschick1997rSIrschick1997eJIrschick1998rKIrschick1998TIrschick1998LIrschick1999MIrschick1999eNIrschick1999eWIrschick1999YIrschickIn pressO Jaeger19909P Jaeger19919Q Jaffe1995 Jayne1992- Jayne1994. Jayne1995R Jayne1996I Jayne1997S Jayne1997/ Jayne1998J Jayne1998K Jayne1998T Jayne1998U Jayne1998L Jayne1999M Jayne1999N Jayne1999V Jayne1999W Jayne1999X Jayne2000YJayneIn pressZ Jenk1991I[ Jones1994\ Jones1995: Jordan19971 Joyner1995Q Joyner1997Q Kawashima1993^ Kawashima1993 Keeler-Wolf1995 Kervin19979 Kervin19999 Kervin20000 Knight1993 Knight1993] Knight1993] Knight1993^ Knight1993 Knight19933_ Knight1995Q_ Knight1995Q` Knight1998Q` Knight1998Q Knight19999a Knight1999Qa Knight19999b Kocurek1999 Kohn1996 Kohn1997t Kohn19999c Lancaster1988d Lancaster1990e Lancaster1990f Lancaster1991 Lancaster1991g Lancaster19920rn:4Sena, G. Connell, S. G. Wells, S. G. Anderson, K. C. 1994Investigation of surficial processes active on fan pavement surfaces using tilted carbonate collars, Providence Mountains, CaliforniaV McGill, S. F. Ross, T. M.V~Geological Investigations of an Active Margin, Geological Society of America Cordilleran SectionGuidebook. 27th Annual Meeting San Bernardino, California $Geological Society of AmericaEarth Science SGMDRC (!Sherman, M. W. Knight, Richard L. 1993f`Activity patterns and foraging ecology of nesting common ravens in the Mojave Desert, California Rosemead, California Southern California EdisonVcommon raven Corvus corax Foraging Behavior nesting birds SGMDRC Biology Mojave Desert Sinervo, Barry 1999d^Mechanistic analysis of natural selection and a refinement of Lack's and Williams's principlesAmerican Naturalist{ 154{ SUPPLeS26-S42V5020291Sauria (Evolution) (Anatomy and Histology, General and Comparative--Gross Anatomy) (Physiology, General and Miscellaneous--General) (Reproductive System--General; Methods) Reptiles Clutch Mass Clutch Size Cost of Reproduction Directional Selection Egg Size Evolutionary Response Fecundity Lifetime Reproductive Success Natural Selection Phenotypic Manipulations Phenotypic Variation Physiology Selective Tradeoffs SGMDRC BiologyResults from several physiologically based manipulations were synthesized to investigate two selective trade-offs involving offspring number versus offspring quality and costs of reproduction in an annual lizard Uta stansburiana. Lifetime reproductive success of experimentally size-altered progeny was studied to address the offspring number and offspring quality trade-off. Causes of natural selection on adult reproductive costs were assessed with three complementary manipulations of clutch size, egg size, and total clutch mass. Selective trade-offs between offspring size and number arose from two opposing episodes of directional selection. Fecundity selection favored female parents that laid large clutches of small offspring, but fecundity selection was balanced by survival selection that favored large offspring. Thus, the offspring number and quality trade-off had a strong stabilizing effect on mean egg size across generations. However, strength and direction of selection arising from adult reproductive costs varied among years. Because reproductive traits were heritable (h2 = 0.61), selection on adult reproduction led to a large evolutionary response to natural selection. Patterns of selection detected in natural phenotypic variation were largely corroborated by phenotypic manipulations. However, maturational costs of reproduction that were detected with phenotypic manipulations were missed by traditional selection analysis of natural phenotypic variation. REVIEW; LITERATURE REVIEW;Smith, Felisa A. 1991|8Nutritional ecology and body size in Neotoma populations%, Irvine University of Californiaxv, 171 leaves Ph. D.8080009pnhUCI Sci Lib Bar LD 791.9 .B5 1991 S65 SRLF/UCI LD 791.9 .B5 1991 S65 Request at UCI Special Collections.rkDissertations, Academic University of California, Irvine Biological Sciences SGMDRC Biology Mammals Rodentsjhaby Felisa A. Smith. Thesis (Ph. D., Biological Sciences)--University of California, Irvine, 1991.f_http://wwwlib.umi.com/pqdd2/search/do?query=au%28Smith%2C%20Felisa%20A.%29%20and%20da%281991%29 Smith, F. A. 1995j9Scaling of digestive efficiency with body mass in Neotoma2Functional Ecology92299-305v1600295NGCricetidae (Evolution) (Mathematical Biology and Statistical Methods) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Digestive System--Physiology and Biochemistry) animals chordates mammals nonhuman mammals nonhuman vertebrates rodents vertebrates Fiber Digestibility Herbivory Insular Gigantism Path Analysis SGMDRC Biology Mammalso1. Previous authors have suggested that larger animals are more efficient at extracting energy and nutrients from food resources because of their more favourable metabolic rate to gut capacity ratio (MR/GC). For herbivores in particular, the utilization of low quality vegetation becomes progressively more difficult with decreasing size because of the time-dependent nature of the microbial fermentation of plant fibre. 2. The relationship between fibre digestibility, a measure of digestive efficiency important to herbivores, and body size was investigated for three species of Neotoma. Animals ranged in mass from 80 to 400 g. A diagram was constructed which reflected allometric predictions, but also incorporated several mediating factors, such as intake and food sorting behaviour. Because of the high correlations between the variables, path analysis was utilized to evaluate the relative importance of each factor in affecting fibre digestibility. 3. Overall, a low correlation (0. 105) was found between fibre digestibility and body mass. Path analysis revealed that this low correlation could be partitioned into a relatively strong direct influence of body mass (0.761) and opposing indirect effects through intake and food sorting (-0.563 and -0.094, respectively). 4. While it is clear from the analysis that body mass is of critical importance in influencing fibre fermentation, actual ecological or evolutionary implications are more difficult to assess. It is plausible, for example, that the apparent propensity towards insular gigantism common among small herbivores is at least partially the result of selection acting on digestive efficiency.Smith, Felisa A. 1995^Den characteristics and survivorship of woodrats (Neotoma lepida) in the eastern Mojave desert2@Southwestern Naturalist404366-3722179081Plantae-Unspecified Cricetidae (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Pathology, General and Miscellaneous--Necrosis (1971- )) (Reproductive System--Physiology and Biochemistry) (Developmental Biology-Embryology--Morphogenesis, General) animals chordates mammals nonhuman mammals nonhuman vertebrates plants rodents vertebrates Mortality Plant Production Reproduction SGMDRC BiologyUA population of desert woodrats (Neotoma lepida) in the eastern Mojave desert was studied for a period of three years. All 101 dens located within a 2.7 ha plot were identified, and trapped on a roughly bimonthly schedule. Den occupancy rates (occupied dens/dens trapped) fell from a high of almost 50% at the initiation of the study to a level of approximately 5-10% due to the effects of a severe drought. Body mass of individuals remained roughly constant during this period, however, suggesting that mortality was not due to starvation. Mean survival on the site was 5.4 months, with no significant difference between the sexes. Several characteristics of the den appeared to influence survivorship, including the primary structural material and overall size. Occupancy and survivorship rates were significantly higher in Opuntia than in other substrates, presumably because of increased predator protection. Reproductive output was strongly curtailed during most of the study. Woodrats reproduced only once in 1988, and not at all in 1989. The reproductive failure coincided with a lack of annual plant production and seed set by perennials such as Yucca schidigera.b N0H Smith, Felisa A. 1997Neotoma cinereaMammalian Species0 564 1-83591011`YCricetidae (Chordata, General and Systematic Zoology--Mammalia) (General Biology--Taxonomy, Nomenclature and Terminology) (Genetics and Cytogenetics--Animal) (Behavioral Biology--Animal Behavior) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Anatomy and Histology, General and Comparative--Gross Anatomy) (Reproductive System--General; Methods) (Developmental Biology-Embryology--General and Descriptive) (Animal Distribution (1971- )) (Paleozoology) Behavior Description Ecology Fossil Record Genetics Geographic Distribution Ontogeny Reproduction Taxonomy Taxonomic Review SGMDRC Biology Mammals Rodents *$; REVIEW; TAXONOMIC REVIEW; TAXONOMYSosa-Burgos, Lucy M. 1995b\Factors related to populations fluctuations in two sympatric lagomorphs in the Mojave Desert4-Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America762 SUPPL PART 2 250W1757103Plantae-Unspecified Malvaceae Canidae Leporidae (Mathematical Biology and Statistical Methods) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Bioclimatology and Biometeorology) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Animal) (Biochemistry--Physiological Water Studies (1970- )) (Biophysics--Biocybernetics (1972- )) (Nutrition--General Studies, Nutritional Status and Methods) (Digestive System--General; Methods) (Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics--Water Relations) angiosperms animals carnivores chordates dicots lagomorphs mammals nonhuman mammals nonhuman vertebrates plants spermatophytes vascular plants vertebrates Coyote Density Forage Species Water Content Foraging Meeting Abstract Multiple Regression Model Rainfall Scat Analysis SGMDRC BiologyCONFERENCE LITERATURE;  Stein, B.A. Warrick, S.F.\ 1979(!Granite Mountains Resource Survey  Santa Cruz <5Environmental Field Program, University of CaliforniafPublication No. 1a"Biology Earth Science SGMDRCThomas, C. Stein, P. 1999HBMojave Desert Ecosystem Program: Mojave vegetation mapping project82Proceedings of the Mojave Desert Science Symposium RKUSGS Western Ecological Science Center, University of California, RiversideBiology SGMDRC Vasek, F.C. 1979B;Early successional stages in Mojave Desert scrub vegetationlIsrael Journal of Botany28133-148rBiology SGMDRC Vasek, F.C. 1983,%Plant succession in the Mojave desert3 Crossosoma9p1i 1-23Biology SGMDRC"Here" entered 4-2000t Wehausen, J. D.  1988<5Cattle impacts on mountain sheep in the Mojave DesertJ ,&California Department of Fish and Game@9II. Completed under Interagency Agreement No. 85/86C-1492wBiology SGMDRC "Wehausen, J. D. Hansen, M.C. 19880*Impacts of cattle grazing on bighorn sheep ,&California Department of Fish and Game6/completed under Interagency Agreement No. C-913Biology SGMDRCWehausen, J. D.  1988JDPlant communities as the nutrient base of Mountain Sheep populations $Hall, C.J. Jr. Doyle-Jones, V.^WPlant Biology of Eastern California: Natural History of the White-Inyo Range, SymposiumZ >8University of California White Mountain Research Station2Biology SGMDRC Wehausen, J. D.  1990<5Cattle impacts on mountain sheep in the Mojave Desert ,&California Department of Fish and Game IIInBiology SGMDRCWehausen, John D.a 1996rlEffects of mountain lion predation on bighorn sheep in the Sierra Nevada and Granite Mountains of California Wildlife Society Bulletin243471-4792720661&Bovidae Felidae (General Biology--Conservation, Resource Management) (Behavioral Biology--Animal Behavior) (Ecology; Environmental Biology--Wildlife Management-Terrestrial) (Pathology, General and Miscellaneous--Necrosis (1971- )) (Nutrition--General Studies, Nutritional Status and Methods) (Chordata, General and Systematic Zoology--Mammalia) animals artiodactyls carnivores chordates mammals nonhuman mammals nonhuman vertebrates vertebrates Annual Survivorship Habitat Use Mortality Population Decline Predator-Prey Dynamics SGMDRC Biology (!Mountain lion (Puma concolor) predation caused populations of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) in 2 mountain ranges in California to decline to low densities. In the Granite Mountains in the eastern Mojave Desert, lion predation reduced the sheep population to 8 ewes and held it at that level for 3 years, after which the predation abated and the population has increased at 15%/year for 3 years. Annual survivorship of radiocollared ewes was 62.5% for the first 3 years of study and all mortalities were from lion predation. Mountain lion activity increased in the southern Sierra Nevada on winter ranges between 1976-1988. During this period, 49 sheep killed by lions were found on the winter ranges of the Mount Baxter population. Beginning in 1987, the larger subpopulation of this herd abandoned use of its low-elevation winter range. Increasing mountain lion predation is the best explanation for these habitat shifts. The Mount Baxter sheep that remained at high elevations missed a growing season on the winter range, which was reflected in lower fecal nitrogen levels. The population has declined to lt 20% of earlier census totals as a result. Mountain lions effectively halted a previously successful restoration program for bighorn sheep in the Sierra Nevada and reversed the overall population trend.d4.Wells, S. G. McFadden, L. D. Dohrenwend, J. C. 1987Influence of Late-Quaternary climatic changes on geomorphic and pedogenic processes on a desert piedmont, eastern Mojave Desert, CaliforniaQuaternary Research272 130-46Quat. Res. (USA)1496090SB